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Astrorotalia palmerae Cushman & Bermudez 1937 from: Pearson, P.N.Olsson, R.K.Hemleben, C.Huber, B.T.Berggren, W.A. (2006): Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera. p. 1-513
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Anonymous: Unedited TaxonConcept data
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Species Astrorotalia palmerae Cushman & Bermudez 1937


Diagnosis / Definition:
Pearson et al. (2006):
DESCRIPTION. Type of wall: Normal (coarsely) perforate, weakly muricate, nonspinose. Test morphology: Low trochospiral test with peripheral keel extending into blade-like, tapering keelspines on each chamber, oval to subcircular periphery, stellate shape; in umbilical view 5-6, moderately inflated, triangular-shaped chambers in last whorl, increasing slowly in size; sutures depressed, radial, umbilicus narrow, shallow, aperture a low umbilical-extraumbilical slit bordered by a thick lip extending to the periphery; in spiral view about 10- 12 triangular shaped chambers in 2-2 1/2 whorls, sutures distinct, curved, depressed and bearing extension of peripheral 'keel"; in edge view umbilical and spiral sides planoconvex (slight inflation of chambers yields a lobulate outline in edge view), periphery with blade-like extensions of a peripheral keel. Size: Length with keel-spines: 0.4-0.6 mm; without spines: 0.28-0.35 mm; breadth with keel-spines: 0.36-0.46 mm; without keel-spines: 0.24-0.3 mm; thickness: 0.10-0.12 mm (Cushman and Bermudez, 1937, p. 26).
Discussion / Comments:
Pearson et al. (2006):
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES.- This form is uniquely distinguished by the peripheral keel extending into blade-like keel-spines on each chamber. DISCUSSION.- The planktonic habit of this taxon has been questioned/debated by several authors (Berggren, 1968, p. 31 3; 1968:5-6; Stainforth and others, 1975, p. 21 2) and rejected outright by others (Blow, 1979, p. 280). However, Blow, writing in the late 1960s and early 1970s did not have the benefit of the insight/observations of Schmidt and Raju (1973), which appeared a year after his death. Schmidt and Raju (1973) and, later, Hillebrandt (1976, pl. 7, fig. 4) have convincingly demonstrated with SEM illustrations that this taxon is not referable to the shallow water taxon Pararotalia (characterized by having a prominent umbilical plug and areal aperture), and hence palmerae has been considered a planktonic taxon since that time (see further discussion of the taxonomy and suggested phylogeny of the pseudoscitula-palmerae plexus under P pseudoscitula). Specimens intermediate/transitional between pseudoscitula and palmerae have been illustrated by Schmidt and Raju (1 973, pl. 1); Poore and Bybell (1988, pl. l : figs. 1,2), Blow (1 979, pl. 264), and on Plate 12.1 of this Atlas. This taxon appears to have a decidedly restricted geographic (and stratigraphic) distribution having been recorded (to date) only from equatorial, fully tropical areas. Astrorotalia stellaria Turnovsky is considered a junior synonym of Globorotalia palmerae Cushman and Bermudez. However, Turnovsky's genus name Astrorotalia is recognized here to denote the unique development/extension of radially elongate chamber margins into keel-spines. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS.- This form evolved from Planorotalites pseudoscitula by extension of the chambers and development of a peripheral keel which extends as a blade-like keel-spine on each chamber. Apparently it left no descendants. STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE.- Restricted to within Zone E7. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.- Restricted to tropical regions (Caribbean, Tethys (Spain, Middle East [Israel, Turkey], India). STABLE lSOTOPE PALEOBIOL0GY.- No data available.
Systematics:

35
 Ordo Foraminiferida
  Superfamilia Globigerinaceae
   Familia Truncorotaloididae
    Genus Astrorotalia
     Species Astrorotalia palmerae
Synonym list:
Pearson et al. (2006):
1937 Globorotalia palmerae Cushman & Bermudez. - Cushman & Bermudez : p.26 pl. 2; fig. 51-53 [lower Eocene Capdevila Fm., Havana Province, Cuba]
1949 Globorotalia palmerae Cushman & Bermudez. - Cushman & Bermudez : 31, 32 pl. 6; fig. 4-6 [topotypes from the Capdevila Fin., Havana Province, Cuba]
1949 Pararotalia? palmerae Cushman & Bermudez. - Cushman & Bermudez : p.1388 pl. 264; fig. 1-9 [lower Eocene Zone P9, Langley Fm., Jamaica]
1957 Globorotalia palmerae Cushman & Bermudez. - Bolli : p.166 pl. 38; fig. 2 [lower Eocene Globorotalia palmerae Zone, Navet Fm., core at 9,386'-9405', TTOC 22891 1 , Trinidad]
1958 Globorotalia (Astrorotalia) stellaria Turnovsky. - Turnovsky : p.26 pl. 1; fig. 1, 2 [equivalent to Globorotalia palmerae Zone, Saray, near Mihalliccik, Vilayet, Ankara, Turkey]
1961 Globorotalia palmerae Cushman & Bermudez. - Bermudez : p.1297 pl. 16; fig. 1a-b [Capdevila Fm., Arroyo Naranjo, Habana, Cuba]
1973 Globorotalia palmerae Cushman & Bermudez. - Schmidt & Raju : p.177 pl. 1, fig. 5a-c: pl. 2; fig. 5, 6, 9, 10 [lower Eocene Globorotalia palmerae Zone, Cauvery Basin, southern India]
1973 Globorotalia palmerae Cushman & Bermudez. - Martinez-Gallego : p.71 pl. 1; fig. 1-9 [lower Eocene Globorotalia palmerae Zone, Betic Cordillera, Spain]
1975 Globorotalia palmerae Cushman & Bermudez. - Stainforth et al. : p.212 text-fig. 72.1 (reillustration of Bolli (1 957a) from Navet Fm., Trinidad); 72.2-5 [lower Eocene Globorotalia pentacamerata Zone, Cuba]
1976 Globorotalia (Planorotalites) palmerae Cushman & Bermudez. - Hillebrandt : p.346 pl. 3; fig. 1-3, 5, 6 [lower Eocene Globorotalia palmerae Zone, Agost, Alicante Province, Spain]
1976 Globorotalia (Planorotalites) cf. palmerae Cushman & Bermudez. - Hillebrandt : p.346 pl. 3; fig. 4 [lower Eocene, Globorotalia palmerae Zone, Agost, Alicante, Spain; individual transitional between G. pseudoscitula- G. palmerae]
1977 Planorotalites palmerae Cushman & Bermudez. - Berggren : p. 224, 245 (reillustrations from literature)
1980 Planorotalites palmerae Cushman & Bermudez. - Benjamini : p.347 pl. 6; fig. 11-13 [lower Eocene Globorotalia G. palmerae Zone, Mor Fm., Avedat group, Negev, Israel]
1985 Planorotalites palmerae Cushman & Bermudez. - Toumarkine & Luterbacher : p.117 fig. 20.14-16 (reillustration of holotype and paratypcs); fig. 20.17-20,24a-25b, 27-28 [lower Eocene Acarinina pentacamerata Zone, Richmond Fm., Jamaica]; fig. 20.21a-b. 29a-b [lower Eocene Acarinina pentacamerata Zone, Cauvery Basin, southeastern India]; fig. 20.22-23 [lower Eocene Acarinina pentacamerata Zone, Agost, Alicante Province, Spain]; fig. 20.26 [lower Eocene Acarinina pentacamerata Zone, Cuba]
1988 Planorotalites palmerae Cushman & Bermudez. - Poore & Bybell : p.19 pl.1; fig. 3, 6 [lower Eocene Planorotalites palmerae Zone, ACGS No. 4 borehole, Mays Landing, New Jersey]
2006 Astrorotalia palmerae Cushman & Bermudez. - Pearson et al. : p.381 pl. 12.1; fig. 1-14
Specimen:
Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., Inventory number: USNM 23423
References:

Cushman,J.A. and Bermudez,P.J. (1937):
Further new species of foraminifers from the Eocene of Cuba . Cushman Lab. Foraminiferal Res. Contrib Vol. 13

Cushman,J.A. and Bermudez,P.J. (1949):
Some Cuban species of Globorotalia . Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research Vol. 25 p. 26-44

Bolli,H.M. (1957):
Planktonic Foraminifera from the Eocene Navet and San Fernando formations of Trinidad, B.W.I. . Bull. U.S. natl. Mus. Vol. 215 p. 155-172

Turnovsky,K.. (1958):
Eine neue Art von Globorotalia Cushman aus dem Eozaen Anatoliens und ihre Zuordnung zu einer neuen Untergattung . Türkiye Geologi Kurumu Bulteni Vol. 6 p. 80-86

Bermudez,P.J. (1961):
Contribucion al estudio de las Globigerinidea de la region Caribe-Antillana (Paleocene-Reciente).
In: Boletino Geologia (Venezuela), Special Publicacion Vol. 3

Martinez-Gallego,J.. (1973):
Sobre la presencia de Globorotalia palmerae Cushman y Bermudez en las Cordilleras Beticas . Cuadernos Geologicos, Universidad Granada Vol. 3 p. 69-75

Schmidt,R. and Raju,D.S.N. (1973):
Globorotalia palmerae Cushman & Bermudez and closely related species from the Lower Eocene, Cauvery Basin, South India . Proc. Koninkl. Nederlandse Akad. wetenschapen ser B Vol. 76 p. 167-178

Stainforth,R.M.; Lamb,J.L.; Luterbacher,H.P.; Beard,J.H. and Jeffords,R.M. (1975):
Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal zonation and characteristics of index forms . Paleontological ContributionsArticle 62 p. 425

Hillebrandt,A. (1976):
Los formainiferos planctonicos, nummulitidos y coccolitoforidos de las zona de Globorotalia palmerae del Cuisiense (Eoceno inferior) en el ES de Espana (Provincias de Murcia y Alicante) . Revista Espanol de Micropaleontologia Vol. 8 p. 323-394

Berggren,W.A. (1977):
Atlas of Paleogene planktonic foraminifera. Some species of the genera Subbotina, Planorotalites, Morozovella, Acarinina and Truncorotaloides.
In: Oceanic Micropaleontology Eds: Ramsay, A.T.S. p. 205-299

Benjamini,C.. (1980):
Plankton foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Avedat Group (Eocene in the northern Negev, Israel) . Journal of Paleontology Vol. 54 p. 325-358

Toumarkine,M. and Luterbacher,H.P. (1985):
Paleocene and Eocene Planktic Foraminifera.
In: Plankton Stratigraphy p. 87-154

Poore,R.Z. and Bybell,L.. (1988):
Eocene to Miocene biostratigraphy of New Jersey Core ACGS # 4: Implications for regional stratigraphy . U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1829 p. 1-22

Pearson,P.N.; Olsson,R.K.; Hemleben,C.; Huber,B.T. and Berggren,W.A. (2006):
Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera. p. 1-513
Anonymous: Unedited TaxonConcept data
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