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Turborotalia cunialensis Toumarkine & Bolli 1970 from: Pearson, P.N.Chaisson, W.P. (1997): Late Paleocene to middle Miocene planktonic foraminifer biostratigraphy of the Ceara Rise. Vol. 154 Eds: Leckie, R.M.Sigurdsson, H.Acton, G.D.Draper, G.
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Species Turborotalia cunialensis Toumarkine & Bolli 1970


Diagnosis / Definition:
Pearson et al. (2006):
DISCRIPTION.- Type of wall: Smooth, normal perforate; tendency to defoliate (e.g. Snyder and Waters, 1985). Test morphology: Low trochospiral, dorsoventrally strongly compressed biconvex test with 4-5 chambers in the final whorl; most specimens show imperforate keel around periphery, which can be distinctly raised; chambers appressed and embacing, wedge-shaped in ventral aspect and increasing moderately in size; final chamber distinctly acute (<40°)at periphery in edge view; dorsal sutures strongly curved, flat or raised with imperforate band; aperture a broad arch, sometimes almost circular, in extraumbilical position; umbillicus very narrow; ventral sutures moderately curved, depressed. Strong tendency for sinistral coiling. Size: Holotype lenght 0.45 mm.
Discussion / Comments:
Pearson & Chaisson (1997):
Turborotalia cunialensis is the final compressed, keeled morphospecies belonging to the Turborotalia cerroazulensis lineage.
Pearson et al. (2006):
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES.- Turborotalia cunialensis is ditinguished from T. cocoaensis by its even more acute periphery to the final chamber as seen in edge view, and the biconvex morphology. These characters, rather than the presence or absence of a keel, are most reliable in distinguishing the morphospecies. DISCUSSION.- Turborotalia cunialensis, as strictly defined, is very rare, although specimens of T. cocoaensis that show some transition towards it, either in having a moderately acute periphery or an impel for ate band (e.g., pl. 15.4, Fig. 17) are more common. Toumarkine and Luterbacher (1985) attributed its rarity to its tendency to dissolve more easily than other species of Turborotalia, but this has yet to be demonstrated. Possibly T. cunialensis was more restricted to tropical latitudes than the other species. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS .- Evolved from Turborotalia cocoaensis in the upper Eocene (Toumarkine and Bolli, 1970). STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE.- Upper Eocene, Zone E16, disappearing just below the Eocene/Oligocene boundary (Toumarkine and Bolli, 1970; Coccioni and others, 1988). The apparent diachroneity of the first occurrence of this species is probably related to inconsistencies in recognizing it. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.- Cosmopolitan, possibly more restricted to tropical latitudes than T. cerroazulensis. STABLE ISOTOPE PALEOBIOL0GY.- No data available.
Systematics:

1
 Superregnum Eukaryota
  Regnum Protoctista
   Phylum Ciliophora
    Subphylum Postciliodesmatophora
     Ordo Globigerinida
      Superfamilia Globorotaliaceae
       Superfamilia Nonionacea
        Familia Globorotaliidae
         Genus Turborotalia
          Species Turborotalia cunialensis

32
 Ordo Foraminiferida
  Familia Globorotaliidae
   Genus Turborotalia
    Species Turborotalia cunialensis

35
  Ordo Foraminiferida
   Superfamilia Globigerinaceae
    Familia Hedbergellidae
     Genus Turborotalia
      Species Turborotalia cunialensis
Synonym list:
Pearson & Chaisson (1997):
1970 Globorotalia cerroazulensis cunialensis Toumarkine & Bolli. - Toumarkine & Bolli : p.144 pl 1, fig 37
1997 Turborotalia cunialensis Toumarkine & Bolli. - Pearson & Chaisson :
Van Eijden & Smit (1991):
1970 Globorotalia cerroazulensis cunialensis Toumarkine & Bolli. - Toumarkine & Bolli : p.144 pl. 1, fig. 37
1991 Turborotalia cunialensis Toumarkine & Bolli. - Van Eijden & Smit : p.114
Pearson et al. (2006):
1970 Globorotalia cerroazulensis cunialensis Toumarkine & Bolli. - Toumarkine & Bolli : p. 144-145 pl. 1; fig. 37-39 [upper Eocene, Possagno area, Italy]
1978 Globorotalia cerroazulensis cunialensis Toumarkine & Bolli. - Toumarkine : p.712 pl. 7; fig. 1-12 [upper Eocene Globigerinatheka semiinvoluta Zone, DSDP Site 363, Walvis Ridge, South Atlantic Ocean]
1985 Globorotalia cerroazulensis cunialensis Toumarkine & Bolli. - Snyder & Waters : p.460 pl. 3; fig. 1-2 [upper Eocene Zone P17, DSDP Hole 549A, Goban Spur, North Atlantic Ocean]
1985 Turborotalia cerroazulensis cunialensis Toumarkine & Bolli. - Toumarkine & Luterbacher : p.138 fig. 34.1 (reillustration of holotype); fig. 36.1-6 (reillustrations from the literature)
1988 Turborotalia cunialensis Toumarkine & Bolli. - Coccioni et al. : pl. 1; fig. 7-9 [upper Eocene Zone P16, Massignano, Italy]
2006 Turborotalia cunialensis Toumarkine & Bolli. - Pearson et al. : p.444 pl. 15.4; fig. 13-17 (PI. 15.4, Fig. 13: holotype of Globorotalia cerroazulensis cunialensis Toumarkine and Bolli, reillustrated); (PI. 15.4, Fig. 14: paratype of Globorotalia cerroazulensis cunialensis Toumarkine and Bolli, reillustrated)
Stratigraphy - absolute ages:
FAD: 35.2 ± 0 [Ma], Berggren et al. (1995)
Specimen:
Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Bale, Inventory number: C26602
References:

Toumarkine,M. and Bolli,H.M. (1970):
Evolution de Globorotalia cerroazulensis (Cole) dans l'Eocene moyen et superieur de Possagno (Italie) . Revue de Micropaleontologie Vol. 13 p. 131-145

Toumarkine,M. (1978):
Planktonic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of the Paleogene of Sites 360 to 364 and the Neogene of Sites 362A, 363, and 364 Leg 40.
In: Initial Results of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 40

Toumarkine,M. and Luterbacher,H.P. (1985):
Paleocene and Eocene Planktic Foraminifera.
In: Plankton Stratigraphy p. 87-154

Snyder,S.W. and Waters,V.J. (1985):
Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Goban Spur region.
In: Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 80

Coccioni,R.; Monaco,P..; Monechi,S..; Nocchi,M. and Parisi,G.. (1988):
Biostratigraphy of the Eocene-Oligocene boundary at Massignano, (Ancona, Italy).
In: The Eocene-Oligocene boundary in the Umbria-Marche Basin (Italy): International Subcommission on Paleogene Stratigraphy, (Industrie Grafiche F.lli Anniballi, Ancona) Eds: Premoli Silva, I.Coccioni, R.Montanari, A.. p. 59-80

Van Eijden,A.J.M. and Smit,J. (1991):
Eastern Indian Ocean Cretaceous and Paleogene quantitative biostratigraphy.
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 121 Eds: Weissel, J.Peirce, J.Taylor, E.Alt, J. p. 77-123

Berggren,W.A.; Kent,D.V.; Swisher,C.C. and Aubry,M.P. (1995):
A revised Cenozoic Geochronology and Chronostratigraphy.
In: Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication Vol. 54

Pearson,P.N. and Chaisson,W.P. (1997):
Late Paleocene to middle Miocene planktonic foraminifer biostratigraphy of the Ceara Rise. Vol. 154 Eds: Leckie, R.M.Sigurdsson, H.Acton, G.D.Draper, G.

Pearson,P.N.; Olsson,R.K.; Hemleben,C.; Huber,B.T. and Berggren,W.A. (2006):
Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera. p. 1-513
Anonymous: Unedited TaxonConcept data
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