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Species Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton 1932



Diagnosis / Definition:
Pearson et al. (2006):
DESCRIPTION. Type of wall: Smooth, normal perforate. Test morphology: Test planispiral, compressed, tightly coiled, involute, oval in outline, lobulate, chambers, inflated, globular; in umbilical view 6-7 chambers in ultimate whorl, increasing rapidly in size, sutures slightly depressed, straight to slightly curved, umbilicus small, circular in shape; in edge view primary aperture equatorial, symmetric to slightly asymmetric, a circular high arch bordered by a narrow lip, bipartite apertures sometimes present on ultimate chamber, test compressed with a rounded periphery, chambers globular, peripheral margin perforate. Size: Maximum diameter of holotype 0.17 mm, thickness 0.09 mm.
Discussion / Comments:
Toumarkine & Luterbacher (1985):
The small tests are biumbilicate, planispiraly coiled and evolute. In lateral view, the periphery is rounded, although in some specimens it has a tendency to become subacute.
Van Eijden & Smit (1991):
Remarks. P. wilcoxensis was found only in Sample 121-752A-13X-2, 110-115 cm.
Pearson et al. (2006):
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES.- Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis is characterized by its planispiral, smooth-walled test, inflated globular chamber that increase rapidly in size. The aperture may be a single equatorial opening or matched bipartite openings. Whether single or paired, they are symmetrically positioned with respect to the axial periphery, although slight asymmetry may occur in some specimens. DISCUSSION.- The concept of Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis according to Berggren and others (1967) included morphotypes with an asymmetic aperture that extended extraumbilically over the axial periphery onto the spiral side to the trace of the spiral suture. These morphotypes contrast with other morphotypes where the aperture assumes an equatorial symmetric position, the test becomes planispiral and biumbilicate, and the aperture extends into the umbilicus on both sides. They also pointed out that the latter morphotypes often developed a bipartite division of the aperture at the axial periphery with paired symmetrical apertures present on both sides ofthe test. The asymmetric morphotypes were included in P. wilcoxensis to emphasize the transitional morphology between the proposed trochospiral ancestral species, Globanomalina chapmani (Parr, 1938), where the aperture does not extend onto the dorsal side. They emended the genus Pseudohastigerina, Banner and Blow, 1959 (type species Pseudohastigerina micra [Cole], 1927) to include the planispiral to slightly asymmetric morphotypes. Although Pseudohastigerina was originally described as having a planispiral test with an equatorial aperture that extended into the umbilicus on both sides, Banner and Blow emphasized the presence of asymmetrical imperforate portici, which they believed indicated a phylogenetic relationship with certain planktonic genera of the Cretaceous (e.g., Hedbergella, Globigerinelloides). Blow (1 979) followed the concept of Pseudohastigerina set forth by Berggren and others (1967) and emended the genus to include tests with asymmetric to symmetric equatorial apertures and bipartite apertures. He drew (arbitrarily) the boundary between Globorotalia (=Globanomalina) and Pseudohastigerina "at the point where the primary aperture opens dorsally in direct continuation of the trace of the spiral suture" where " a true planispiral coiling-mode can be said to have been attained' (p. 1060). The apertural lip was said (p. 1179) not to be a portical structure and that the genus was confined to the Paleogene. But Blow (1 979) only provisionally accepted Pseudohastigerina as a valid genus because he was unsure of morphologic criteria that could be used to separate this genus from other planispiral genera in the Neogene (e.g., Hastigerina). Using this definition for separating Pseudohastigerina from Globanomalina, Blow placed illustrations of two specimens identified by Berggren and others (1967) as P wilcoxensis (text-fig. 2, d-e, p-r) in synonomy with Globanomalina chapmani because the apertures, although they extended slightly over the axial periphery, did not open into the spiral suture. Blow also placed Globanomalina luxorensis (Nakkady, 1950) in synonymy with G. chapmani as did Berggren and others (1967). Speijer and Samir's (1 997) study of the Globanomalina-Pseudohastigerina lineage in the circum-Mediterrean region recognized Nakkady's species and noted that its first common occurrence was associated with the negative ò13C shift in Zone El and emphasized its utility for biostratigraphic purposes. We concur with Speijer and Samir in that G. luxorensis can be separated from G. chapmani on the basis of a rounded axial periphery and an equatorial aperture that does not open into the trace of the spiral suture. And we concur with Speijer and Samir's identification of text-fig. 2, d-e, p-r in Berggren and others, 1967 (the illustrations that Blow had identified as G. chapmani) as G. luxorensis. The study by Speijer and Samir has helped clarify the concept of G. luxorensis, which up to this point had been poorly known, being identified only in Egyptian deposits; indeed, Olsson and others (1999) still included this species as a junior synonym of G. chapmani. Nevertheless, Olsson and others (1999) pointed out that the lineage leading to Pseudohastigerina involved Globanomalina imitata (Subbotina, 1953) and Globanomalina ovalis (Haque, 1956) rather than G. chapmani. Speijer and Samir (l 997) considered G. ovalis a junior synonym of G. luxorensis and regarded G. chapmani as ancestral to G. luxorensis. See discussion under G. luxorensis for details on the Pseudohastigerina lineage. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS.- Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis evolved from Globanomalina luxorensis by a migration of the aperture over the axial periphery to the trace of the spiral suture, thereby developing an asymmetric planispiral test in early forms of P. wilcoxensis. In later forms of P. wilcoxensis the test becomes symmetrically planispiral and biumbilicate. The attainment of a planispiral test also leads to the development of symmetrically opposed bipartite apertures in some morphotypes ofthe species. Bipartite apertures are also seen in later species of Pseudohastigerina. STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE.- Base of Zone E2 to Zone E 10. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.- Global in mid to high latitudes. STABLE ISOTOPE PALEOBIOL0GY.- No data available.
Systematics:

15
 Classis Foraminifera
  Genus Pseudohastigerina
   Species Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis

32
 Ordo Foraminiferida
  Familia Hantkeninidae
   Genus Pseudohastigerina
    Species Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis

35
  Ordo Foraminiferida
   Superfamilia Globigerinaceae
    Familia Hedbergellidae
     Genus Pseudohastigerina
      Species Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis
Synonym list:
Toumarkine & Luterbacher (1985):
1932 Nonion wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Cushman & Ponton : p.64 pl 8 fig 11 (type reference)
1960 Hastigerina eocaenica Berggren. - Berggren : 85-91 pl 5 figs 1-2
1985 Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Toumarkine & Luterbacher : p.107 figs 12.9-12
Van Eijden & Smit (1991):
1932 Nonion wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Cushman & Ponton : p.64 pl. 8, fig. 11
1991 Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Van Eijden & Smit : p.115
Pearson et al. (2006):
1932 Nonion wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Cushman & Ponton : p.64 pl. 8; fig. 11a-b [lower Eocene Zone P6, Bashi Fm., Ozark, Alabama]
1949 Globigerinella pseudovoluta Bandy. - Bandy : p.123 pl. 24; fig. 4a, b [middle Eocene Zone P 11, lower Lisbon Fm., Alabama]
p 1953 Globigerinella voluta White. - Subbotina : p.87 pl. 13; fig. 15a-b (not fig. 13a-14b = Pseudohastigerina sharkriverensis); [lower-middle Eocene Zone of conical Globorotalia, Sunzha River, Northern Caucasus]; [Not White, 1928]
1959 Nonion wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Mallory : p.182 pl. 15; fig. 6a-c [lower Eocene Ynezian Stage, lower Lodo Fm., Media Agua Creek, California]
1960 Hastigerina eocaenica Berggren. - Berggren : p.85 fig. 1a-2c; pl. 10, fig. 2a-c; text-fig. 13-16 [lower Eocene, northwestern Germany]
p 1967 Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Berggren et al. : p.278 text-fig. 2.s-v [lower Eocene Zone P6, Bashi Fm., Alabama]; text-fig. 3.2a-5c; text-fig. 4.2a-5c [lower Eocene Zone P6, Manasquan Fm., New Jersey]; text-fig. 6.la-6c [lower Eocene, Rosnaes Clay Fm., Fiinen, Denmark] (not text-fig. 2.d-f, m-r =Globanomalina luxorensis)
1967 Globanomalina wilcoxensis globulosa Gohrbandt. - Gohrbrandt : p.321 pl. 1; fig. 16, 17 [middle Eocene Zone P10, Helveticum, Austria]
p 1975 Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Stainforth et al. : p.243 fig. 99.1-5 [lower Eocene Zone P6, Lodo Fm., California] (not 6a-c, reillustration of Berggren and others, 1967, text-fig. 2.p-r = Globanomalina luxorensis)
1975 Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - McKeel & Lipps : p.261 pl. 1; fig. 6a, b [Lower Eocene, Umpqua Fm., Coast Range, Oregon]
p 1979 Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Blow : p.1193 pl. 159, fig. 8, 9; pl. 161, fig. 10, 11 (not pl. 252, fig. 1-4 = ?Globanomalina luxorensis); [middle Eocene Zone P 10, KANE 9-Core 42, equatorial Atlantic Ocean]
1985 Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Toumarkine & Luterbacher : p.108 fig. 12.9a-c (reillustration of holotype of Hastigerina eocaenica Berggren); fig. 12.10a-c (reillustration from literature); fig. 12.1la-b, 12a-c (lla-b, reillustration of Berggren and others, 1967, text-fig. 2.s-t; 12a-c, reillustration of Berggren and others, text-fig. 2.j-l)
1995 Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Lu & Keller : p.102 pl. 6; fig. 7, 8 [lower Eocene Zone P6, DSDP Site 577, Shatsky Rise, northwestern Pacific Ocean]
1997 Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Speijer & Samir : p.54 pl. 2; fig. 5a-c [lower Eocene, Gebel Aweina, Egypt, sample PIE = 10 cm]
2006 Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Pearson et al. : p.429 pl. 14.4; fig. 1-8 (Pl. 13.4, Fig. l, 2: new SEMs of holotype of Nonion wilcoxensis Cushman and Ponton)
Was used in synonym list of:
Globanomalina luxorensis Nakkady 1950
Specimen:
Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., Inventory number: USNM CC 16214
References:

Cushman,J.A. and Ponton,G.M. (1932):
An Eocene foraminiferal fauna of Wilcox age from Alabama . Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research Vol. 8 p. 51-72

Bandy,O.L. (1949):
Eocene and Oligocene foraminifera from Little Stave Creek, Clarke County, Alabama . Bulletins of American paleontology Vol. 32 p. 1-211

Subbotina,N.N. (1953):
Iskopaemye foraminifery SSSR (Globigerinidy, Khantkenininidy i Globorotaliidy) . Trudy Vsesoyznogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Geologo-razvedochnogo Instituta (VNIGRI) Vol. 76 p. 296

Mallory,V.S. (1959):
Lower Tertiary Biostratigraphy of the California Coast Ranges. p. 146

Berggren,W.A. (1960):
Some planktonic Foraminifera from the Lower Eocene (Ypresian) of Denmark and northwestern Germany . Stockholm Contribution in Geology Vol. 5 p. 41-108

Gohrbrandt,K.H.A. (1967):
Some new foraminiferal species from the Austrian Eocene . Micropaleontolgy Vol. 13 p. 319-326

Berggren,W.A.; Olsson,R.K. and Reyment,R.A. (1967):
Origin and Development of the Foraminiferal Genus Pseudohastigerina Banner and Blow, 1959 . Micropaleontology Vol. 13 p. 265-288

McKeel,D.R.. and Lipps,J.H. (1975):
Eocene and Oligocene planktonic foraminifera from the central and southern Oregon coast range . Journal of Foraminiferal Research Vol. 5 p. 1-5

Stainforth,R.M.; Lamb,J.L.; Luterbacher,H.P.; Beard,J.H. and Jeffords,R.M. (1975):
Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal zonation and characteristics of index forms . Paleontological ContributionsArticle 62 p. 425

Blow,W.H. (1979):
The Cainozoic Globigerinida. 3 Vols p. 1413 pp

Toumarkine,M. and Luterbacher,H.P. (1985):
Paleocene and Eocene Planktic Foraminifera.
In: Plankton Stratigraphy p. 87-154

Van Eijden,A.J.M. and Smit,J. (1991):
Eastern Indian Ocean Cretaceous and Paleogene quantitative biostratigraphy.
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 121 Eds: Weissel, J.Peirce, J.Taylor, E.Alt, J. p. 77-123

Lu,G. and Keller,G. (1995):
Planktic Foraminiferal Faunal Turnovers in the Subtropical Pacific during the Late Paleocene to Early Eocene . Journal of Foraminiferal Research Vol. 25 p. 97-116

Speijer,R.P.. and Samir,A.M.. (1997):
Globanomalina luxorensis, a Tethyan biostratigraphic marker of latest Paleocene global events . Micropaleontology Vol. 43 p. 51-62

Pearson,P.N.; Olsson,R.K.; Hemleben,C.; Huber,B.T. and Berggren,W.A. (2006):
Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera. p. 1-513

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