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Species Guembelina nuttalli Voorwijk 1937


Diagnosis / Definition:
Pearson et al. (2006):
DESCRIPTION. Type of wall: Cancellate, spinose, sacculifertype, cancellate wall. Test morphology: Test trochospiral, initially moderately high spired to helicospiral late in ontogeny; chambers globigeriniform, mainly spherical, increasing rather rapidly in size as added, the last one often somewhat ovate, 9- 10 to occasionally 1 5, arranged in 21/2-3 loosely coiled whorls; periphery of the last whorls strongly lobate; sutures radial, ranging from moderately depressed in the initial spire to strongly depressed in the adult; umbilicus narrow and deep sometimes covered by a bulla of variable size; primary aperture a medium high arch, umbilical in position; one to more supplementary apertures may be present along the sutures on the spiral side of the final whorl(s). Size: Holotype height 0.48 mm, width 0.45 mm; largest diameter of higginsi holotype 0.55 mm.
Discussion / Comments:
Pearson et al. (2006):
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES-The very high spire, lobate periphery, globular chambers and supplementary apertures typically characterize this species. Moreover, Hamilton (1953) clearly described the wall surface with typically hexagonal pore structures. Specimens from Tanzania show spine holes and spines embedded in the wall, indicating that it was spinose in life (Pearson and others, 2004; Premoli Silva and others, Chapter 7, this volume). DISCUSSION.- Guembelitrioides nuttalli is a common constituent of middle Eocene assemblages but has generally been described under the name Globigerinoides higginsi Bolli. This species displays some morphological variability of the number of chambers and height of the spire, the range of which is well exemplified by both nuttalli and higginsi holotypes. Other variable features are the possible presence of more than one supplementary aperture, the size of the last chamber and the primary aperture and possible presence of a bulla-like final chamber. Stainforth and others (1975) included higginsi in the genus Globigerina as they did not consider the presence of secondary sutural apertures of generic importance. Pujol (1983) illustrated a highspired specimen as Globigerina higginsi, which is not conspecific with G. nuttalli and resembles Subbotina gortanii. Warraich and Ogasawara (200 1) also figured a high-spired specimen that also resembles S. gortanii. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS.- Hillebrandt (1976) considered Bolli's types of G. higginsi as conspecific with Globigerina lozanoi Colom, but he later (1976) stated that G. higginsi (= G. nuttalli) was descended from lozanoi. Further, Blow (1979, p. 863) suggested that there are transitional forms between lozanoi and higginsi (= nuttalli). According to him, "both taxa are very similar in dorsal morphology" and the "trends involved are merely confined to a simple increase in the height of the trochospire and the acquisition of supplementary apertures on spiral side" with both lozanoi and higginsi (= nuttalli) morphotypes coexisting in Zone P9 (= E7). However, we disagree that G. nuttalli is derived from lozanoi. It is difficult to see the derivation of the 4-chambered, spinose, highly lobulate nuttalli from the 6-chambered, nonspinose, slightly lobulate lozanoi. Furthermore, G. nuttalli has a high porosity, cancellate sacculifer-type wall that also occurs in Parasubbotina inaequispira, which is a highly lobulate taxon. We believe that P. inaequispira is a more likely ancestor of Guembelitrioides, but intermediate forms have yet to be found. Subbotina yeguaensis is also a possible ancestral taxon since it has a lobulate test with a moderately elevated initial spire, although it is not as lobulate as P inaequispira. Blow (1979) also suggested that higginsi (= nuttalli) may be ancestral to Globigerinatheka mexicana (= Porticulasphaera in Blow 1979). This relationship, however, is rejected here, as transitional forms between G. nuttalli and G. mexicana have not been observed. Nevertheless G. nuttalli is regarded by us as the most likely ancestor of the Globigerinatheka group (see Premoli Silva and others, Chapter 7, this volume). GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.- Mid to low latitudes. STABLE ISOTOPE PALEOB1OLOGY.- Guembelitrioides nuttalli has carbon and oxygen stable isotopic characters intermediate between the muricate species and the subbotinids, suggesting an intermediate depth habitat (Pearson and others, 1993).
Systematics:

35
 Ordo Foraminiferida
  Superfamilia Globigerinaceae
   Familia Globigerinidae
    Genus Guembelitrioides
     Species Guembelina nuttalli
Synonym list:
Pearson et al. (2006):
1953 Guembelina nuttalli Voorwijk. - Hamilton : p. 224-225 pl. 32; fig. 23 (holotype), fig. 22, 24 [middle Eocene Hantkenina aragonensis Zone, Horizon Guyot, Pacific Ocean].
1957 "Globigerinoides" higginsi Bolli. - Bolli : p.164 pl. 36; fig. 11a-c (holotype)[[lower middle Eocene, from anunnamed core, western North Atlantic Ocean], fig. 12a-13b (paratypes) [middle Eocene Hantkenina aragonensis Zone, Navet Fm., Trinidad]
1970 Globigerinoides higginsi Bolli. - Samanta : p.194 pl. 2; fig. 15 [middle Eocene Zone E12, Lakhpat, Cutch, India]
1975 Globigerinoides higginsi Bolli. - Toumarkine : p.742 pl. 1; fig. 16-17 [middle Eocene Globorotalia lehneri Zone, DSDP Site 313, mid- Pacific Ocean]
1975 Globigerina higginsi Bolli. - Stainforth et al. : p.189 fig. 52-1a-3a (reillustration of holotype and paratypes); fig.52-5?, 6-7, 8? [middle Eocene Hantkenina aragonensis Zone, Navet Fm., Trinidad]
1979 Globigerinoides higginsi Bolli. - Blow : 862-864 pl. 183, fig. 7-9; pl. 184, fig. 1-7 [Zone E9, DSDP Hole 21A, Rio Grande Rise, South Atlantic]
1983 "Globigerinoides" higginsi Bolli. - Toumarkine : p.118 pl. 9; fig. 14a-b (refigured holotype), fig. 15-16 [middle Eocene Globorotalia lehneri Zone, DSDP Site 3 13, mid-Pacific Ocean]
non 1983 Globigerina higginsi Bolli. - Pujol : pl. 7; fig. 7 [DSDP Hole 5 16F, Rio Grande Rise, South Atlantic Ocean = Subbotrna gortanii?]
non 1991 Subbotina higginsi Bolli. - Nocchi et al. : pl. 2; fig. 17 [= ?Praemurica lozanoi]
1993 Guembelitrioides higginsi Bolli. - Pearson et al. : p.128 pl. 2; fig. 10-12 [middle Eocene, DSDP Site 523, South Atlantic Ocean]
1993 Guembelitrioides higginsi Bolli. - Pearson et al. : p.128 pl. 2; fig. 10-12 [middle Eocene, DSDP Site 523, South Atlantic Ocean]
1995 Globigerinoides? higginsi Bolli. - Poag & Commeau : p.144 pl. 4; fig. 15-17 [Zone E9, middle Eocene, Ohio Oil Company Hammond core, Wicomico Co., Maryland]
non 2001 Globigerina higginsi Bolli. - Warraich & Ogasawara : p.45 fig. 17; 12, 13
2004 Guembelina nuttalli Voorwijk. - Pearson et al. : p.36 pl. 1; fig. 15, 16 [middle Eocene, Tanzania]
2006 Guembelina nuttalli Voorwijk. - Pearson et al. : p.82 pl. 5.6; fig. 1-20 (PI. 5.6, Fig. 1, new SEM of holotype of Globigerinoides nuttalli Hamilton) (Pl. 5.6, Figs. 17-19, new SEMs of holotype of "Globigerinoides " higginsi Bolli)
Was used in synonym list of:
Pseudotextularia nuttalli Voorwijk 1937
Specimen:
Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., Inventory number: USMN 688704
References:

Hamilton,E.L. (1953):
Upper Cretaceous, Tertiary and Recent planktonic foraminifera from MId-Pacific flat-topped seamounts . Journal of Paleontology Vol. 27(2) p. 204-237

Bolli,H.M. (1957):
Planktonic foraminifera from the Oligocene-Miocene Cipero and Lengua formations of Trinidad, B.W.I..
In: Studies in Foraminifery, Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum Vol. 215 Eds: Loeblich, A.R.Tappan, H.Beckmann, J.P.Bolli, H.M.Gallitelli, E.M.Troelsen, J.C. p. 97-123

Samanta,B.K. (1970):
Middle Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera from Lakhpat, Cutch, Western India . Micropaleontology Vol. 16

Toumarkine,M. (1975):
Middle and Late Eocene planktonic foraminifera from the northwestern Pacific, Leg 32 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project.
In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 32 Eds: Larson, R.L.Moberly, R. p. 735-751

Stainforth,R.M.; Lamb,J.L.; Luterbacher,H.P.; Beard,J.H. and Jeffords,R.M. (1975):
Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal zonation and characteristics of index forms . Paleontological ContributionsArticle 62 p. 425

Blow,W.H. (1979):
The Cainozoic Globigerinida. 3 Vols p. 1413 pp

Toumarkine,M. (1983):
Les Foraminiferes planctoniques de l'Eocéne moyen et supérieur des regions tropicales à temperées chaudes.
In: Thése de Doctorat d'Etat ès Sciences Vol. 6(83-05) p. 219

Pujol,C. (1983):
Cenozoic Planktonic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of the Southwestern Atlantic (Rio Grande Rise): Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 72.
In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 72 Eds: Barker, P.F.Johnson, D.A. p. 623-673

Nocchi,M.; Amici,E. and Premoli Silva,I. (1991):
Planktonic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy and Paleoenvironmental Interpretation of Paleocene Faunas from the Subantartic Transect, Leg 114.
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 114 Eds: Ciesielski, P.F.Kristoffersen, Y.Al, E. p. 233-279

Pearson,P.N.; Shackleton,N.J. and Hall,M.A. (1993):
The Stable Isotope Paleoecology of Middle Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera and Multi-species integrated Isotope Stratigraphy . Journal of Foraminiferal Research Vol. 23 p. 123-140

Poag,C.W.. and Commeau,J.A.. (1995):
Paleocene to middle Miocene planktic foraminifera of the southwestern Salisbury Embayment, Virginia and Maryland: biostratigraphy, allostratigraphy, and sequence stratigraphy . Journal of Foraminiferal Research Vol. 25 p. 134-155

Warraich,M.Y.. and Ogasawara,K.. (2001):
Tethyan Paleocene-Eocene planktic foraminifera from the Rakhi Nala and Zinda Pir land sections of the Sulaiman Range, Pakistan . Science Reports of the Institute of Geoscience University of Tsukuba, section B Vol. 22 p. 1-59

Pearson,P.N.; Nicholas,C.J..; Singano,J.M..; Bown,P.R..; Coxali,H.K..; van Dongen,B.E..; Huber,B.T.; Karega,A..; Lees,J.A..; Misaky,E..; Pancost,R.D..; Pearson,M.. and Roberts,A.P.. (2004):
Paleogene and Cretaceous sediment cores from the Kilwa and Lindi areas of coastal Tanzania: Tanzania Drilling Project Sites 1-5 . Journal of African Earth Sciences Vol. 39 p. 25-62

Pearson,P.N.; Olsson,R.K.; Hemleben,C.; Huber,B.T. and Berggren,W.A. (2006):
Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera. p. 1-513
Anonymous: Unedited TaxonConcept data
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