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Species Globigerinatheka mexicana Cushman 1925


Diagnosis / Definition:
Pearson et al. (2006):
DESCRIPTION. Type of wall: Spinose, cancellate, densely porous, pores about 0.04 mm in diameter. Test morphology: Test very close to spherical, early chambers arranged in a low trochospire composed of at least 6 subglobular chambers initially gradually increasing in size as added, then increasing much more rapidly; last chamber hemispherical constituting almost half of the entire test totally covering the umbilical side of the earlier chambers; sutures poorly visible except between the last two to three chambers where they are very slightly depressed; three visible apertures at the base of the last chamber, small to medium-sized arches close to subcircular, apparently located at the junctions of previous chambers. Size: The diameter of the holotype measures 0.30 mm, much smaller than that indicated by Cushman (1925, diameter 0.40-0.60 mm).
Discussion / Comments:
Pearson et al. (2006):
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES.- Globigerinatheka mexicana is characterized by its nearly spherical test and large inflated last chamber that comprises about half of the entire test. It differs from G. semiinvoluta by its less embracing last chamber and smaller secondary apertures that lack a rim, from G. barri by its larger hemispherical last chamber, less depressed sutures throughout, spherical outline and less common bullae, and from C. kugleri by its more spherical test and less distinct sutures. DISCUSSION.- As reported by Bolli (1972, p. 129), Cushman's species mexicana "has been misinterpreted more than any other of the Globigerinatheka" (see the synonymy list) owing to the inadequate original description and illustrations and to the fact that specimens with different features and of much larger sizes than the holotype have been identified as mexicana, including by Cushman himself (1927). Saito (1962), in emending mexicana, regarded it as being very closely related to barri, which he interpreted as the bullate form of the former. Saito's view was followed by Bolli (1972, p. 129) who, based on Beckmann's observation of the original types, considered mexicana S. S. and barri as subspecies of Globigerinatheka mexicana. Bolli (1972) also included in mexicana his species kugleri, again as a subspecies of it, based on his finding intermediate forms, a view rejected here (see above). For instance, the specimen illustrated by Bolli (1972, pl. 2, fig. 5, the spiral view) as C. mexicana mexicana for its subtriangular outline is attributable to C. kugleri. Toumarkine (1978) illustrated as G. mexicana mexicana some specimens that do not possess the last large enveloping chamber and have a rather short, not flat initial spire; they may be closer to G. barri. The specimen attributed by Samanta (1970, pl. 2, figs. 20-21) to G. barri in our opinion exhibits a large last chamber that is more characteristic of G. mexicana. Blow (1979, p. 789)referred Globigerinatheka kutchensis Singh and Tewari, 1967 to G. mexicana mexicana because it possesses abortive chambers and not true bullae. Blow and Saito (1968a) regarded mexicana as synonymous with semiinvoluta, whilst Blow (1979) considered mexicana as synonymous with tropicalis. We recognise all these species as separate taxa (also see Bolli, 1972 for discussion). PHYOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS.- Bolli (1 972, p. 114) stated that mexicana "branched off from G. subconglobata micra near the base of G. subconglobata subconglobata Zone (= upper part of Zone E8), while the subspecies barri and kugleri originated from mexicana s.s. in subsequent order always within the G. subconglobata subconglobata Zone". Besides Bolli (1 972), other authors (i.e., Stainforth and others, 1975; Blow, 1979; Toumarkine, 1983) all agree that mexicana appears first, followedq slightly later by barri. Consequently, G. mexicana probably descended from the G. subconglobata plexus close to the EWE9 zonal boundary. Through Zone E1 3, the sutures of G. mexicana become less pronounced, the final chamber more spherical and apertures semicircular to circular in outline. In uppermost Zone E13 and lowermost E14 in the western North Atlantic (ODP Site 1052), transitional forms are evident to G. semiinvoluta (Plate 7.8, Fig. 1 l). GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.- Low to mid latitudes. STABLE ISOTOPE PALEOBIOL0GY.- Globigerinatheka mexicana has oxygen and carbon isotopic ratios indicative of a mixed layer habitat (Boersma and others, 1987; Wade, 2004).
Systematics:

35
 Ordo Foraminiferida
  Superfamilia Globigerinaceae
   Familia Globigerinidae
    Genus Globigerinatheka
     Species Globigerinatheka mexicana
Synonym list:
Pearson et al. (2006):
1925 Globigerina mexicana Cushman. - Cushman : p.61 pl. 1; fig. 8a-b [upper Eocenc, Tantoyuca Fm., State of Vera Cruz, Mexico]
non 1927 Globigerina mexicana Cushman. - Cushman : pl. 26; fig. 16, 17 [Mexico] (= G. euganea)
non 1953 Globigerinoides mexicana Cushman. - Beckmann : p.395 pl. 25; fig. 15, 16 (= G. euganea), figs. 17-19 (= 0. beckmanni) [middle Eocene, Oceanic Fm., Barbados]
non 1957 Porticulasphaera mexicana Cushman. - Bolli et al. : p. 34-35 pl. 6; fig. 8-9b [middle Eocene Orbulinoides beckmanni Zone, Navet Fm., Trinidad]
non 1957 Porticulasphaera mexicana Cushman. - Bolli : p.165 pl. 37; fig. 1a-b [middle Eocene, Orbulinoides beckmanni Zone, Navet Fm., Trinidad]; (= 0. beckmanni).
p 1962 Globigerapsis mexicana Cushman. - Saito : p.219 pl. 34; fig. 6a-b (not 7a-c = G. euganea); [Eocene, Hahajima, Hillsborough Island, Japan]
1967 Globigerinatheka kutchensis Singh & Tewari. - Singh & Tewari : p. 425-426 fig. 1 [fide Blow, 1979; 789, 872]
1968 Globigerapsis mexicana Cushman. - Blow & Saito : p. 357-360 text-fig. 1-4 (refigured holotype)
? 1968 Globigerinatheka? sp. . - Samuel & Salaj : pl. 21; fig. 4a, b (cf. Globigerinatheka barri Brönnimann); [middle Eocene ?Truncorotaloides rohri Zone, central Carpathians, Slovakia]; [Not Brönnimann, 1952]
1969 Globigerapsis tropicalis Blow & Banner. - Blow : pl. 27; fig. 5-6 [middle Eocene Zone P13, Kilwa area, Tanzania]; [Not Blow and Banner, 1962]
1970 Globigerinatheka barri Brönnimann. - Samanta : pl. 2; fig. 20, 21 [middle Eocene Orbulinoides beckmanni Zone, Lakhpat, Cutch, India]
1970 Globigerinoides kugleri Bolli et al.. - Mohan & Soodan : pl. 1; fig. 10a-b [middle Eocene Globigerinoides kugleri-Globigerina frontosa Zone, Kutch, India]; [Not Bolli, Loeblich and Tappan, 1957]
non 1970 Globigerapsis mexicana Cushman. - Baumann : pl. 3; fig. 4a-c [middle Eocene Globigerapsis mexicana Zone, Scalette Section, Umbria, central Italy]; (= G. tropicalis)
1971 Globigerinatheka barri Brönnimann. - Toumarkine : pl. 3; fig. 1-4 [fig. 1, upper Eocene Globigerapsis semiinvoluta Zone; figs. 2-3, middle Eocene Truncorotaloides rohri Zone, Halimba borehole, Bakony, Hungary]; [Not Brönnimann, 1952]
non 1971 Globigerapsis mexicana Cushman. - Toumarkine : pl. 3; fig. 8-10 [upper Eocene Globigerapsis semiinvoluta Zone, Halimba borehole, Bakony, Hungary]; (= G. barri)
non 1971 Globigerapsis mexicana Cushman. - Postuma : p.140 fig. on p. 141 [Trinidad] (= G. semiinvoluta)
non 1971 Globigerapsis mexicana Cushman. - Raju : pl. 11; fig. 1-6 [upper Eocene, Cauvery basin, India]; (= G. semiinvoluta)
p 1972 Globigerinatheka mexicana mexicana Cushman. - Bolli : p.129 text-fig. 1-11 (1-2, refigured holotype; 3-6, holotype redrawn by Blow and Saito, 1968a); pl. 2 (partim), figs. 1-2,4 (not pl. 2: fig. 3 = G. kugleri); [middle Eocene 0. beckmanni Zone, Navet Fm., Pointe-á-Pierre, Trinidad]
? 1974 Globigerinatheka mexicana mexicana Cushman. - Fleisher : pl. 8; fig. 5 [middle Eocene Zone P14, DSDP Site 21 9, Arabian Sea]
1975 Globigerinatheka mexicana mexicana Cushman. - McKeel & Lipps : pl. 2; ?fig. 2a-c [middle Eocene, Tyec Fm., Oregon Coast Range]
1975 Globigerinatheka mexicana mexicana Cushman. - Toumarkine : pl. 4; fig. 3, 4 [middle Eocene Globorotalia lehneri to Truncorotaloides rohri Zone, DSDP Site 305, Shatsky Rise, north-west Pacific Ocean]
p 1975 Globigerinatheka mexicana Cushman. - Stainforth et al. : fig. 67.1-3,5 (from Bolli, 1972); figs. 4a-d (refigured holotype hom Blow and Saito, 1968a) (not fig. 67.6, from Bolli, 1972 = G. kugleri)
1977 Globigerinatheka mexicana mexicana Cushman. - Poore & Brabb : pl. 4; fig. 1-2 [middle Eocene Zones P 13-P1 4, San Lorcnzo Fm., California]
non 1978 Globigerinatheka mexicana mexicana Cushman. - Toumarkine : pl. 4; fig. 5 (= G. subconglobata), 6 and 7 (= G. barri) [middle Eocene Hantkenina aragonensis to Globorotalia lehneri Zone, DSDP Site 363, South Atlantic Ocean]
p 1979 Porticulasphaera mexicana mexicana Cushman. - Blow : pl. 27; fig. 5-6 (new name for G. tropicalis of Blow, 1969); pl. 198 (partim), figs. 1, 3 (not figs. 2, 4-5 = G. kugleri) [middle Eocene Zone P1 3, Kilwa area, Tanzania]
non 1979 Globigerapsis mexicana Cushman. - Blow : p.330 pl. 27; fig. 3-4 [upper Eocene Zone P15, Lindi area, Tanzania]; (= G. semiinvoluta)
p 1983 Globigerinatheka mexicana mexicana Cushman. - Toumarkine : pl. 20 (partim), fig. 34 (from Bolli, 1972); pl. 20, fig. 39 (from Toumarkine, 1975) (not fig. 33 = G. kugleri; not figs. 35-38 = G. subconglobata)
? 1983 Globigerinatheka mexicana Cushman. - Pujol : pl. 7; fig. 1 [middle Eoccne Zone P1 1-13, DSDP Site 516, Rio Grande Rise, South Atlantic Ocean]
? 1992 Globigerinatheka index Finlay. - Berggren : pl. 3; fig. 7 [middle Eocene, ODP Hole 748B, Kerguelen Plateau, Indian Ocean]; [Not Finlay, 1939]
non 1994 Globigerinatheka mexicana mexicana Cushman. - Nishi & Chaproniere : pl. 2; fig. 14-15, ?13 [upper Eocene Zones P15-16, DSDP Hole 841B, south-west Pacific Ocean]; (= G. index)
2006 Globigerinatheka mexicana Cushman. - Pearson et al. : p.194 pl. 7.8; fig. 1-16 (Pl. 7.8, Figs. l, 2: new SEMs of holotype of Globigerina mexicana Cushman)
Was used in synonym list of:
Globigerinatheka kugleri Bolli et al. 1957
Specimen:
Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., Inventory number: USNM 4334
References:

Cushman,J.A. (1925):
New foraminifera from the Upper Eocene of Mexico . Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research Vol. 1 p. 4-9

Cushman,J.A. (1927):
Some characteristic Mexican fossil foraminifera . Journal of Paleontology Vol. 1 p. 147-172

Beckmann,J.P. (1953):
Die Foraminiferen der Oceanic Formation (Eocaen-Oligocaen) von Barbados. KI. Antillen . Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae Vol. 46 p. 301-412

Bolli,H.M.; Loeblich,A.R. and Tappan,H. (1957):
The Planktonic foraminiferal families Hantkeninidae, Orbulinidae, Globorotaliidae, and Globotruncanidae . U.S. National Museum Bull. Vol. 215 p. 3-50

Bolli,H.M. (1957):
Planktonic Foraminifera from the Eocene Navet and San Fernando formations of Trinidad, B.W.I. . Bull. U.S. natl. Mus. Vol. 215 p. 155-172

Saito,T. (1962):
Eocene planktonic foraminifera from Hahajima (Hillsborough Island) . Trans. Proc. Paleontol. Soc. Japan, news series Vol. 45 p. 209-225

Singh,M.P.. and Tewari,B.S.. (1967):
Two new planktonic foraminifera from Kutch . Panjab University, Research Bulletin (N.S.) (in Tewari and Singh, 1968, fide Blow, 1979) Vol. 18 p. 425-427

Blow,H.M.. and Saito,T. (1968):
The morphology and taxonomy of Globigerina mexicana Cushman, 1925 . Micropaleontology Vol. 14 p. 357-360

Samuel,O.. and Salaj,J. (1968):
Microbiostratigraphy and Foraminifera of the Slovak Carpathian Paleogene . Geologicky Ustav Dionyza Stura, Bratislava p. 232

Blow,W.H. (1969):
Late middle Eocene to Recent planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy.
In: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Planktonic Microfossils, Geneva 1967 Vol. 1 Eds: Bronnimann, P.Renz, H.H. p. 199-422

Baumann,P.. (1970):
Mikropalaentologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungen der obereozaenen-oligozaenen Scaglia im zentralen Apennin (Italien) . Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae Vol. 63 p. 1133-1211

Samanta,B.K. (1970):
Middle Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera from Lakhpat, Cutch, Western India . Micropaleontology Vol. 16

Mohan,M.. and Soodan,K.S.. (1970):
Middle Eocene planktonic foraminiferal zonation of Kutch, India . Micropaleontology Vol. 16 p. 37-46

Raju,D.S.N. (1971):
Upper Eocene to Early Miocene planktonic foraminifera from the subsurface sediments in Cauvery Basin, India . Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, Sonderband Vol. 17 p. 7-68

Postuma,J.A. (1971):
Manual of Planktonic Foraminifera. p. 422 pp

Toumarkine,M. (1971):
Etude des Foraminiféres planctoniques de deux sondagcs (H-S49 et PGYT-31) dans 1' Eocéne de la Montagne du Bakony (Transdanubie, Hongric) . Annales Instituti Geologici Publici Hungarici Vol. 54 p. 283-299

Bolli,H.M. (1972):
The Genus Globigerinatheka Brönnimann . Journal of Foraminiferal Research Vol. 2 p. 109-136

Fleisher,R.L. (1974):
Cenozoic planktonic foraminifera and biostratigraphy, Arabian Sea, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 23A.
In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 23 Eds: Whitmarsh, R.B.Weser, O.E.Ross, D.A. p. 1001-1072

Toumarkine,M. (1975):
Middle and Late Eocene planktonic foraminifera from the northwestern Pacific, Leg 32 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project.
In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 32 Eds: Larson, R.L.Moberly, R. p. 735-751

McKeel,D.R.. and Lipps,J.H. (1975):
Eocene and Oligocene planktonic foraminifera from the central and southern Oregon coast range . Journal of Foraminiferal Research Vol. 5 p. 1-5

Stainforth,R.M.; Lamb,J.L.; Luterbacher,H.P.; Beard,J.H. and Jeffords,R.M. (1975):
Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal zonation and characteristics of index forms . Paleontological ContributionsArticle 62 p. 425

Poore,R.Z. and Brabb,E.E.. (1977):
Eocene and Oligocene planktonic foraminifera from the Upper Butano Sandstone and type San Lorenzo Formation, Santa Cruz Mountains, California . Journal of Foraminiferal Research Vol. 7 p. 249-272

Toumarkine,M. (1978):
Planktonic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of the Paleogene of Sites 360 to 364 and the Neogene of Sites 362A, 363, and 364 Leg 40.
In: Initial Results of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 40

Blow,W.H. (1979):
The Cainozoic Globigerinida. 3 Vols p. 1413 pp

Toumarkine,M. (1983):
Les Foraminiferes planctoniques de l'Eocéne moyen et supérieur des regions tropicales ŕ temperées chaudes.
In: Thése de Doctorat d'Etat čs Sciences Vol. 6(83-05) p. 219

Pujol,C. (1983):
Cenozoic Planktonic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of the Southwestern Atlantic (Rio Grande Rise): Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 72.
In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 72 Eds: Barker, P.F.Johnson, D.A. p. 623-673

Berggren,W.A. (1992):
Paleogene Planktonic Foraminifera Magnetobiostratigraphy of the Southern Kerguelen Plateau (Sites 747-749).
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 120

Nishi,H.. and Chaproniere,G.C.H. (1994):
Eocene-Oligocene subtropical planktonic foraminifers at Site 841.
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 135 Eds: Hawkins, J..Parson, L..Allan, J..others p. 245-266

Pearson,P.N.; Olsson,R.K.; Hemleben,C.; Huber,B.T. and Berggren,W.A. (2006):
Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera. p. 1-513
Anonymous: Unedited TaxonConcept data
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