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Species Orbulina suturalis Brönnimann 1951



Diagnosis / Definition:
Kennett & Srinivasan (1983):
Adult test almost spherical, final chamber not entirely enveloping the early part of the test. Tests show all gradations from a partly enveloped Globigerina to an almost completely enveloped one. In the adult stage, the Globigerina chambers are visible only as low, rounded projections from a general sphere; surface densely perforate; aperture areal distributed over the surface of final chamber. Supplementary apertures along sutures separating the final and earlier chambers.
Discussion / Comments:
Kennett & Srinivasan (1983):
0. suturalis is distinguished from Praeorbulina glomerosa circularis, its immediate ancestor, by lacking the small apertures confined to the suture of the Globigerina stage and by the areal apertures over the surface. The initial evolutionary appearance of 0. suturalis (Orbulina datum) has been recorded throughout the world and is taken to mark the base of the Middle Miocene.
Bolli & Saunders (1985):
Areal as well as sutural apertures distinguish this species from Praeorbulina glomerosa circularis. It differs from the closely related O. universa in having the earlier chambers of the test breaking the outline of the sphere.
Srinivasan (1975):
The final chamber envelops 75% or more of the earlier test, and the apertures are small, porelike openings, present in the suture at the base as well as on the final chamber. With Orbulina suturalis populations, rare specimens that have the earlier Part of the test visible over more than 30% of the entire test resemble Praeorbulina glomerosa circularis (Blow). Transitional forms in the population from 0. suturalis to 0. universa are regarded as variants within the population.
Systematics:

1
 Superregnum Eukaryota
  Regnum Protoctista
   Phylum Ciliophora
    Subphylum Postciliodesmatophora
     Ordo Globigerinida
      Superfamilia Globigerinaceae
       Superfamilia Nonionacea
        Familia Globigerinidae
         Genus Orbulina
          Species Orbulina suturalis
Synonym list:
Kennett & Srinivasan (1983):
1951 Orbulina suturalis Brönnimann. - Brönnimann : p.135 Text fig IV, figs 15,16,20
Bolli & Saunders (1985):
1951 Orbulina suturalis Brönnimann. - Brönnimann : p.135 figs. 2-4
1985 Orbulina suturalis Brönnimann. - Bolli & Saunders : p.200 figs. 23.2, 24.3; 7,9,11
Bolli (1957):
1945 Candorbulina universa Jedlitschka. - Cushman & Stainforth : p. 69 pl. 13, fig. 10
1951 Orbulina suturalis Brönnimann. - Brönnimann : p. 135 "text-fig. 2, figs. 1-2; 5-8; 10, text-fig.3, figs. 3-8; 11; 13-16; 18; 20-22, text-fig. 4, figs. 2-4; 7-12; 15-16; 19-22"
1956 Orbulina suturalis Brönnimann. - Blow : p. 66 text-fig. 2, Nos. 5-7
1957 Orbulina suturalis Brönnimann. - Bolli : pl. 27, fig. 4
Srinivasan (1975):
1951 Orbulina suturalis Brönnimann. - Brönnimann : p.135 text-fig. 2; nos. 1-15 text-fig. 3; nos. 3-8, 11, 13-16, 18, 20-22 text-fig. 4; nos. 2-4, 7-12, 15-16, 19-22
1975 Orbulina suturalis Brönnimann. - Srinivasan : p.149 pl. 4; fig. 10
Vincent & Toumarkine (1990):
1951 Orbulina suturalis Brönnimann. - Brönnimann : p.135 fig. IV, figs.15, 16, 20
1990 Orbulina suturalis Brönnimann. - Vincent & Toumarkine : p.832 pl.3, figs.4-5
Chaisson & Leckie (1993):
1951 Orbulina suturalis Brönnimann. - Brönnimann : p.135 text-fig. IV; fig. 15, 16 and 20
1983 Orbulina suturalis Brönnimann. - Kennett & Srinivasan : p.86 pl. 20; fig. 1-3
Quilty (1976):
1951 Orbulina suturalis Brönnimann. - Brönnimann : p.135 text-fig. 2, no. 1,2,5-8,10; text-fig. 3, no. 3-8,11,13-16,18,20-22; text-fig. 4, no. 2-4,7-12,15,16,19-22
1976 Orbulina suturalis Brönnimann. - Quilty : p.683 pl. 9, figs. 10-11
References:

Cushman,J.A. and Stainforth,R.M. (1945):
The foraminifers of the Cipero Marl Formation of Trinidad, British West Indies . Journal of Foraminiferal Research Vol. 14 p. 1-75

Brönnimann,P. (1951):
The genus Orbulina d'Orbigny in the Oligo-Miocene of Trinidad, B.W.I. . Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research Vol. 2(4) p. 132-138

Brönnimann,P. (1951):
Globigerinita naparimaensis n. gen., n. sp., from the Miocene of Trinidad, B. W. I. . Contr. Cushman Found. Foram. Res. Vol. 2(1) p. 16-18

Blow,W.H. (1956):
Origin and evolution of the foraminiferal genus Orbulina d'Orbigny . Micropaleontology Vol. 2(1) p. 57-70

Bolli,H.M. (1957):
Planktonic foraminifera from the Oligocene-Miocene Cipero and Lengua formations of Trinidad, B.W.I..
In: Studies in Foraminifery, Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum Vol. 215 Eds: Loeblich, A.R.Tappan, H.Beckmann, J.P.Bolli, H.M.Gallitelli, E.M.Troelsen, J.C. p. 97-123

Srinivasan,M.S. (1975):
Middle Miocene Planktonic Foraminifera from the Hut Bay Formation, Little Andaman Island, Bay of Bengal . Micropaleontology Vol. 21(2) p. 133-150

Quilty,P.G.. (1976):
Planctonic foraminifera DSDP Leg 34- Nazca Plata . DSDP initial reports Vol. 34

Kennett,J. and Srinivasan,M.S. (1983):
Neogene Planktonic Foraminifera - A Phylogenetic Atlas.

Bolli,H.M. and Saunders,J.B. (1985):
Oligocene to Holocene low latitude planktic foraminifers.
In: Plankton Stratigraphy Eds: Bolli, H.M.Saunders, J.B. p. 155-262

Vincent,E. and Toumarkine,M. (1990):
Neogene planktonic foraminifers from the Western Tropical Indian Ocean, Leg 115.
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 115 Eds: Duncan, R.A..Backman, J.Peterson, L.C. p. 795-836

Chaisson,W.P. and Leckie,R.M. (1993):
High-Resolution Planktonic Foraminifer Biostratigraphy of Site 806, Ontong Java Plateau (Western Equatorial Pacific).
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 130 Eds: Berger, W.H.Kroenke, L.W..Mayer, L.A..et al. p. 137-178

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