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Species Acarinina pentacamerata Subbotina 1947


Diagnosis / Definition:
Pearson et al. (2006):
DESCRIPTION. Tyye of wall: Densely muricate on both sides, normal perforate, nonspinose. Test geometry: Low-trochospiral; generally 5 (ranging from 4 1/2-6 or 7) rounded, inflated chambers, increasing gradually in size in last whorl; periphery weakly lobate; umbilicus generally small, deep with concentration of muricae around circumumbilical region; aperture a low umbilical-extraumbilical slit; 10-12 chambers arranged in 217fwhorls; early chambers elevated slightly above plane of final whorl; intercameral sutures weakly curved, tangential to peripheral margin in early chambers of last whorl; in edge view test is weakly biconvex, peripheral margin rounded; intercameral sutures radial, weakly retorse along rounded peripheral margin. Size: Largest diameter 0.40-0.50 mm; thickness 0.20-0.25 mm.
Discussion / Comments:
Toumarkine & Luterbacher (1985):
The relatively large test has a flattened spiral and an inflated umbilical side. The 5 to 8 globular chambers of the last whorl increase gradually in size. The umbilicus is wide and deep. Acarinina aspensis (Colom, 1954) and A. pentacamerata (Subbotina, 1947) are closely interrelated by transitional forms and are considered by several authors (e.g. Stainforth et al., 1975) as synonyms, whereas others (e.g. Hillebrandt, 1976; Blow, 1979) keep them separated.
Van Eijden & Smit (1991):
Remarks. Intermediate forms between this species and A. broedermanni and A. gravelli occur, with some intergrading with the A. coalingensis plexus.
Pearson et al. (2006):
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES.- Compact, strongly muricate test with 5 globular, inflated chambers in last whorl. DISCUSSION.- The taxonomic history of Acarinina pentacamerata (Subbotina) is extremely complex and not without a considerable degree of uncertainty. We attempt a reconstruction here of this history in an effort to bring nomenclatural stability to a much (ab)used taxon. l. In 1936, Subbotina mentioned and illustrated (her pl. 3, figs. 7-9) a new variety Globorotalia crassa (d'0rbigny) var.pentacamerata Subbotina. In failing to describe it, the form was instantly rendered nomen nudum according to the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, art. 25 (c), 1-2. The illustrated specimen is of a tightly coiled (involute) individual with 6 chambers in the final whorl (which may or may not be related to the Acarinina lodoensis-broedermanni group, cf. Blow (1979, p. 940) and was described from the "Globorotalia crassaformis Zone" (= probably equivalent to Zone E7 of this work). Krasheninnikov and others (1988, pl. 8, fig. 8) figured as A. pentacamerata a specimen from the lower Eocene of the Campbell Plateau, south-west Pacific Ocean that is virtually identical with Subbotina's (1947) strongly involute holotype figure. 2. In 1947, Subbotina formally described and illustrated Globorotalia pentacamerata for the first time. Three specimens were figured. The holotype (pl. 7, figs. 15-1 7) was recorded from the Globorotalia crassaformis Zone (which was considered middle Eocene in age but which is in fact probably stratigraphically equivalent to lower Eocene Zone E7 of this study). Two paratypes (her pl. 7, figs. 12-14 and pl. 9, figs. 24-26) were from the lower Eocene "Globorotalia velascoensis Zone" of (presumed) early Eocene age (the latter zone was subsequently termed, in 1953, the "Zone of conical globorotaliids", and is characterized by Morozovella aragonensis [Nuttall] and M. caucasica [Glaessner]). However, Subbotina (1 947, 1953) consistently misidentified M. caucasica with M. velascoensis which accounts for the persistent inisuse of the term G. velasacoensis Zone in early literature (see further discussion in Blow, 1979, p. 993-996; Berggren and Norris, 1997, p. 75-76 and under Morozovella caucasica, Chapter 11). 3. It is doubtful/uncertain whether the three specimens illustrated in 1947 are of the same species. The form figured on pl. 7, figs. 24-26 by Subbotina (1 953) shows the distinct lateral separation of chambers peripherally which is characteristic of Bolli's (1957b) Globigerina angulosa (=Acarinina angulosa). Indeed, Subbotina's specimen is almost identical to that figured by Bolli (1957a, pl. 35, figs. 8a-c) from the Globorotalia palmerae Zone. There may be some question as to whether Bolli's specimen from the G. palmerae Zone is conspecific with that figured (Bolli, 1957a, pl. 16, figs. 4-6) from the type locality of the Globorotaliformosa formosa Zone of Trinidad. They are considered conspecific here. 4. The paratype specimen figured by Subbotina (1 947, pl. 7, figs. 12-14) shows the characters that have subsequently come to be associated with Acarinina pentacamerata as elucidated subsequently by Subbotina in 1953. It is curious that Subbotina (1947, p. 128) mentions that the "specimen described was found along the Kuban River". This would presumably refer to the specimen illustrated on pl. 9, figs. 24-26 (from the Kuban River section) in as much as the holotype (pl. 7, figs. 15- 17) and paratype (pl. 7, figs. 12-14) were recorded from the Khieu and Sunzha Rivers, respectively. 5. In 1953, Subbotina illustrated a number of specimens which she referred to Acarinina pentacamerata (Subbotina) including in the synonymy the specimens illustrated in her earlier (1947) work, but making no reference to the specimens illustrated on her pl. 23, figs. 8a-c and pl. 24, figs. la-5c, all from the Zone of conical globorotaliids- and if we ignore/ exclude the smaller upper Paleocene forms (pl. 24, figs. 6a-8c) and the anomalous 8-chambered acarininid (pl. 24, figs. 9a-c) from the G. marginodentata Subzone, it would appear that we have an homogenous group of morphotypes referable to a single taxon. Blow (1 979, p. 940) noted that he based his interpretation of pentacamerata on Subbotina (1947, pl. 7, figs. 12-14) and he represented this concept with a specimen he illustrated on pl. 135, fig. 5 frop Zone P8b (=Zone E5 of this work). The specimens illustrated by Subbotina (1953) and listed above all show a close similarity to that figured by her in 1947 pl. 7, figs. 12-14. It is interesting that none conform closely, let alone remotely, to the holotype illustration of 1936/1947. One thing is clear: Subbotina (1953) did not base her concept of A. pentacamerata on her (earlier illustrated) holotype of the taxon. 6. The holotype and paratype specimens of A. pentacamerata from Subbotina (1936/1947) were missing from the micropaleontologic collections of VNIGRI (Leningrad/St. Petersburg) on the occasion of several visits there by WAB in 1962, 1963 and in the 1970s. It is possible that they were lost or destroyed during the siege of Leningrad (1941-1 943). On the other hand, all the specimens illustrated by Subbotina (1953) were examined during these visits and the taxononiic statements above reflect these observations. Thus the concept of A. pentacamerata in the work of one of us (WAB) has been based on these specimens. The 5-7 rounded chambers, relatively wide umbilicus and weakly developed circum-umbilical shoulder distinguish this species from associated forms in the lower Eocene. 7. In as much as the holotype and paratypes of this taxon have been lost and it is virtually impossible to ascertain with certainty its taxonomic identity in terms of modem nomenclature, it would appear desirable, in the interest of nomenclatural stability, to base a concept of A. pentacamerata on the forms illustrated by Subbotina (1953) listed above and to designate a neotype from this series. Accordingly, based on observations of the material at VNIGRI, we designate as neotype the specimen illustrated on pl. 23, figs. 8a-c (no. 3088 in the micropaleontological collections at VNIGRI) from the Zone of conical globorotaliids, Green Formation, Kuban River section, North Caucasus. 8. A relatively large, robust morphotype exhibiting more relaxed, evolute coiling exposing1 opening the umbilical region has been described as Acarinina pentacamerata (Subbotina) var camerata by Khalilov, 1956 (see also Blow, 1979, p. 91 7). Placed in the synonymy of A. pentacamerata by Berggren (1977) and Berggren and Norris (1997), we maintain this view here and view this morphology as transitional to aspensis. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS.- Evolved from Acarirzina interposita Subbotina and probably gave rise to A. aspensis (Colom) and A. collactea (Finlay). STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE.- Zone E5 to Zone E7. Given the intricate taxonomic discussion above, and in the light of our selection of a neotype, it is necessary to review the range of A. pentacamerata as described in Subbotina's papers. Subbotina (1 947) designated as the holotype of A. pentacamerata a specimen from the Globorotalia crassaformis Zone. This level is probably equivalent to Zone E7. She subsequently (1953, p. 234, table 3, p. 29) showed it to range from the G. crassata Subzone of the Zone of compressed globorotaliids (~/= Zone P5-E3) through the Zone of conical globorotaliids (~/= Zones E4-E6), but observed that this species reached its acme of development in the Zone of conical globorotaliids. However, in her chart showing the suggested phylogeny of the acarininids (Subbotina, 1953, p. 153, fig. 8) Subbotina showed A. pentacamerata evolving from A. interposita Subbotina at the base of the G. marginodentata Subzone (~/= Zones E4-E5) and ranging to the top of the Zone of conical globorotaliids. She mentioned (1953, p. 234) that the forms from the uppermost Paleocene of Mangyshlak Peninsula (illustrated as her pl. 24, figs. 6a-8c) differed from the lower Eocene forms in their significantly smaller size, indicating that she probably harbored some doubts/ reservations on the conspecificity of the two groups (see discussion above). GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.- Essentially global distribution in the early Eocene; not reliably reported from high austral latitudes. STABLE ISOTOPE PALEOBIOL0GY.- No data available REPOSITORY.- Holotype and original paratypes presumed lost. Neotype (Subbotina, 1953, pl. 23, figs. 8a-c) from lower Eocene Zone of conical globorotaliids, Green Formation, Kuban River section, North Caucasus, designated here.
Systematics:

1
 Superregnum Eukaryota
  Regnum Protoctista
   Phylum Ciliophora
    Subphylum Postciliodesmatophora
     Ordo Globigerinida
      Superfamilia Globorotaliaceae
       Superfamilia Nonionacea
        Familia Truncorotaloididae
         Genus Acarinina
          Species Acarinina pentacamerata

15
  Classis Foraminifera
   Genus Acarinina
    Species Acarinina broedermanni
     Species Acarinina pentacamerata

32
 Ordo Foraminiferida
  Familia Globorotaliidae
   Genus Acarinina
    Species Acarinina pentacamerata

35
  Ordo Foraminiferida
   Superfamilia Globigerinaceae
    Familia Truncorotaloididae
     Genus Acarinina
      Species Acarinina pentacamerata
Synonym list:
Toumarkine & Luterbacher (1985):
1947 Globorotalia pentacamerata Subbotina. - Subbotina : 128-129 pl 7 figs 12-17, pl 9 figs 24-26 (type reference)
1985 Acarinina pentacamerata Subbotina. - Toumarkine & Luterbacher : p.115 figs 17.4-5
Van Eijden & Smit (1991):
1947 Globorotalia pentacamerata Subbotina. - Subbotina : p.123 pl. 7, figs. 12-17 (non pl. 9, figs. 24-26)
1991 Acarinina pentacamerata Subbotina. - Van Eijden & Smit : p.122 pl. 4, fig. 3 and cf fig. 5
Pearson et al. (2006):
1936 Globorotalia crassa pentacamerata Subbotina. - Subbotina : (not described, but illustrated, pl. 3: figs. 7-9; nomen nudum; holotype by subsequent designation in 1947); [Globorotalia crassaformis Zone, Khieu River section, northern Caucasus]
p 1947 Globorotalia pentacamerata Subbotina. - Subbotina : p. 128-129 pl. 7, fig. 15-17 (holotype by subsequent designation = 1936, pl. 3: figs. 7-9); pl. 7, fig. 12-14 [Sunzha River, northwest Caucasus]
p 1953 Acarinina pentacamerata Subbotina. - Subbotina : p.233 pl. 23, fig. 8a, b; pl. 24, fig. 1a-c [Zone of conical globorotaliids, Kuban River section, northern Caucasus]; pl. 24: fig. 2a-c [Zone of conical globorotaliids, Gubs River section, northern Caucasus]; pl. 24: fig. 3a-5c [Zone of conical globorotaliids, vicinity of Nal'chik, Khieu River section, northern Caucasus]
1956 Acarinina pentacamerata Subbotina. - Shutskaya : pl. 3; fig. 6a-c [G. aragonensis Zone, vicinity of Nal'chik, Cherkessk Fm., northern Caucasus]
1956 Acarinina pentacamerata var. camerata Khalilov. - Khalilov : p.253 pl. 5; fig. 6a-c [lower Eocene, Maly Caucasus, Akhchakumia, north-east Azerbaijan]
1957 Globigerina soldadoensis vel/transitional Globigerina gravelli (Brönnimann, 1952) Brönnimann. - Bolli : pl. 16; fig. 10-12 (Globigerina soldadoensis Brönnimann-Globigerina gravelli Brönnimann transitional form); [G. formosa formosa Zone, upper Lizard Springs Fm., Trinidad]; [Not Brönnimann, 1952]
1960 Globorotalia pentacamerata Subbotina. - Said : p.283 pl. 1; fig. 4a-c [upper Esna Shale Fm., Luxor, Egypt]
1960 Turborotalia (Acarinina) pentacamerata Subbotina. - Pokorny : p.1107 pl. 4; fig. 6 [lower Eocene, Czechoslovakia]
p 1960 Globigerina mckannai White. - Berggren : p.68 pl. 1, fig. 4 [lower Eocene, Hollbecker Berg, Germany]; pl. 9, fig. 4; pl. 10, fig. 1; text fig. 7 [lower Eocene Rosnaes Clay, Rogle Klint, Denmark] [Not White, 1928]
1961 Globorotalia pentacamerata Subbotina. - Said & Kerdany : p.329 pl. 1; fig. 15a-c [Ain Maqfi section, Farafra Oasis, Egypt]
1962 Acarinina pentacamerata Subbotina. - Berggren : p.124 pl. 1; fig. 24-26 [lower Eocene Zone P7INP12, Hollbecker Berg, north-west Germany]
1962 Globorotalia (Acarinina) pentacamerata Subbotina. - Hillebrandt : p.142 pl. 14; fig. 7a-c [Zone G, Reichenhall-Salzburg Basin, Austria]
1963 Acarinina pentacamerata Subbotina. - Kraeva : p.152 pl. 31; fig. 6a-b [middle Eocene, Russian Platform, Ukraine]
1965 Globorotalia pentacamerata Subbotina. - Proto Decima & Zorzi : p.27 pl. 2; fig. 4a-5c [G. aragonensis Zone, Molinetto di Pederobba, western Trevigiano, Italy]
1965 Acarinina pentacamerata Subbotina. - Hillebrandt : p.344 pl. 5; fig. 10a-c [G. palmerae Zone, Agost, Alicante Province, Spain]
1972 Turborotalia (Acarinina) pentacamerata Subbotina. - Samuel : pl. 54; fig. 1a-3c [middle Eocene, Bakony Mountains, Hungary]
1974 Acarinina pentacamerata Subbotina. - Fleisher : p.1013 pl. 1; fig. 9 [Zone PS, DSDP Site 220, Arabian Sea]
1975 Globorotalia pentacamerata Subbotina. - Stainforth et al. : p. 212-213 text-fig. 1-2 (reillustration from literature); fig. 4-5 [lower Eocene of northern Caucasus]
1979 Globorotalia (Acarinina) pentacamerata Subbotina. - Blow : p.939 pl. 135; fig. 5 [Zone PSb, DSDP Site 47, Shatsky Rise, north-west Pacific Ocean]
1979 Globorotalia (Acarinina) camerata Khalilov. - Blow : p.917 pl. 135, fig. 6 [ZoneP8b, DSDP Site 47, Shatsky Rise, northwest Pacific Ocean]; pl. 156, figs. 5 and 6 [Zone P10, KANE 9, piston core 42, Endeavour Seamount, equatorial Atlantic Ocean]
1983 Globorotalia pentacamerata Subbotina. - Pujol : p.652 pl. 5; fig. 3 [ Zone P10, DSDP Hole 516F, 7314, 148-150 cms; Rio Grande Rise, southern Atlantic Ocean]
1985 Acarinina pentacamerata Subbotina. - Snyder & Waters : p.443 pl. 12; fig. 12-14 [Zone PlO, DSDP Site 548A, Goban Spur, north-east Atlantic Ocean]
1985 Acarinina pentacamerata Subbotina. - Toumarkine & Luterbacher : p.116 text-fig. 17.4-5 (reillustration from literature)
1988 Acarinina pentacamerata Subbotina. - Krasheninnikov et al. : p.97 pl. 8; fig. 10-12 [G. aragonensis Zone, DSDP Site 277, Campbell Plateau]
1990 Acarinina pentacamerata Subbotina. - Stott & Kennett : p.559 pl. 45; fig. 9, 10 [Zone AP6b, ODP Site 690B, Maud Rise, Southern Ocean]
1991 Acarinina pentacamerata Subbotina. - Huber : p.439 pl. 2; fig. 6-8 [Zone AP7, ODP Hole 738C, southern Indian Ocean]
2000 Acarinina pentacamerata Subbotina. - Warraich et al. : p.293 fig. 17.16-18 [Zone P7, Rakhi Nala River section, Sulaiman Range, Pakistan]
2001 Acarinina pentacamerata Subbotina. - Warraich & Ogasawara : p.27 fig. 7.1-3 [Zone P7, Dungan Fm., Rakhi Nala River section, Sulaiman Range, Pakistan]
2006 Acarinina pentacamerata Subbotina. - Pearson et al. : p.299 pl. 9.15; fig. 1-16 (Pl. 9.14, Figs. 1-3: designed neotype; 5-7: new SEMs of topotype of Globorotalia crassa d'Orbigny pentacamerata Subbotina)
Stratigraphy - absolute ages:
FAD: 50.8 ± 0 [Ma], Berggren et al. (1995)
References:

Subbotina,N.N. (1936):
Stratigraphie du Paleogene inferieur et du Cretact superieur du Caucasc du Nord d'apres la fauna de Foraminiferes . Trudy Neftyannoi Razvedochnyi Institut, ser. A Vol. 96 p. 32

Subbotina,N.N. (1947):
Foraminifery datskikh i paleogenovykh otlozhenii severnogo Kavkaza.
In: Mikrofauna neftyanykh mestorozhdenii Kavkaza, Emby I Srednei Azii Vol. 1 p. 39-160

Subbotina,N.N. (1953):
Iskopaemye foraminifery SSSR (Globigerinidy, Khantkenininidy i Globorotaliidy) . Trudy Vsesoyznogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Geologo-razvedochnogo Instituta (VNIGRI) Vol. 76 p. 296

Shutskaya,E.K. (1956):
Stratigrafiya nizhnikh gorizontov paleogena Tsentral'nogo Predkavkaz'ya po foraminiferam . Trudy Instituta Geologii Nauk Akademiya SSSR Vol. 164(70) p. 3-114

Khalilov,D.M. (1956):
O pelagicheskoy faune foraminifer Paleogenovykh otlozheniy Azerbaydzhana . Trudy Instituta Geologii, Akademiya Nauk Azerbaydzhanskoy SSR Vol. 17

Bolli,H.M. (1957):
The genera Globigerina and Globorotalia in the Paleocene-Lower Eocene Lizard Springs Formation of Trinidad, B.W.I . Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum Vol. 215 p. 61-82

Berggren,W.A. (1960):
Some planktonic Foraminifera from the Lower Eocene (Ypresian) of Denmark and northwestern Germany . Stockholm Contribution in Geology Vol. 5 p. 41-108

Said,R. (1960):
Planktonic foraminifera from the Thebes Formation, Luxor, Egypt . Micropaleontology Vol. 6 p. 277-286

Pokorny,V. (1960):
Microstratigraphie et biofacies du flysch carpatique de la Moravika meridionale (Tchecoslovaquie) . Revue de l' Institut Francaise du Petrole Vol. 15 p. 1099-1141

Said,R. and Kerdany,M.T. (1961):
The Geology and Micropaleontology of the Farafra Oasis, Egypt . Micropaleontology Vol. 7 p. 317-336

Berggren,W.A. (1962):
Some Planktonic Foraminifera from the Maestrichtian and Type Danian Stages of Southern Scandinavia . Stockholm Contributions in Geology Vol. 9(1)

Hillebrandt,v.A.. (1962):
Das Paleozän und seine Foraminiferenfauna im Becken von Reichenhall und Salzburg . Bayerische Akademie Wissenschaft, Mathematischen-Naturwissenschaften Klasse Vol. 108 p. 188 p.

Kraeva,E.Y.. (1963):
Introduction states that Kraeva wrote section(s) dealing with stratigraphy and description of Palcogene to the exclusion of Paleocene smaller foraminifera.
In: Atlas kharakterniykh foraminifer yuryi, mela I paleogena platformennoi chasti Ukrainyi Eds: Kaptarenko-Chernousova, O.K..Gol'Yak, L.M.N..Zernetskii, B.F..Kraeva, E.Y.A..Lipnik, E.C.. p. 200 p.

Proto Decima,F. and Zorzi,P. (1965):
Studio micropaleontologico-stratigrafico della serie Cretaceo-Terziaria del Molinetto di Pederroba (Treviggiano occidentale) . Memorie degli Instituti di Geologia e Mineralogia dell'Universita di Padova Vol. 25 p. 44pp

Hillebrandt,v.A.. (1965):
Los foraminiferos planctonicos, nummulitidos y coccolitoforidos de la zona de Globorotalia palmerae del Cuisiense (Eoceno Inferior) en el SE de Espania, (provincias de Murcia y Alicante) . Revista Espanola de Micropaleontologia Vol. 8 p. 323-394

Samuel,O.. (1972):
New species of planktonic foraminifers from the Paleogene of the west Carpathian in Slovakia (Czechoslovakia) . Zbornik Geologick"ck Vied Západné Karpaty Vol. 17 p. 165-221

Fleisher,R.L. (1974):
Cenozoic planktonic foraminifera and biostratigraphy, Arabian Sea, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 23A.
In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 23 Eds: Whitmarsh, R.B.Weser, O.E.Ross, D.A. p. 1001-1072

Stainforth,R.M.; Lamb,J.L.; Luterbacher,H.P.; Beard,J.H. and Jeffords,R.M. (1975):
Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal zonation and characteristics of index forms . Paleontological ContributionsArticle 62 p. 425

Hillebrandt,A. (1976):
Los formainiferos planctonicos, nummulitidos y coccolitoforidos de las zona de Globorotalia palmerae del Cuisiense (Eoceno inferior) en el ES de Espana (Provincias de Murcia y Alicante) . Revista Espanol de Micropaleontologia Vol. 8 p. 323-394

Blow,W.H. (1979):
The Cainozoic Globigerinida. 3 Vols p. 1413 pp

Pujol,C. (1983):
Cenozoic Planktonic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of the Southwestern Atlantic (Rio Grande Rise): Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 72.
In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 72 Eds: Barker, P.F.Johnson, D.A. p. 623-673

Toumarkine,M. and Luterbacher,H.P. (1985):
Paleocene and Eocene Planktic Foraminifera.
In: Plankton Stratigraphy p. 87-154

Snyder,S.W. and Waters,V.J. (1985):
Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Goban Spur region.
In: Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 80

Krasheninnikov,V.A.; Serova,M.Y.A.. and Basov,I.A. (1988):
Stratigrafiya I planktonnyic foraminiferyi paleogena: vyisokikh shirot Tikhogo okeana . Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Trudy Vol. 429 p. 120

Stott,L.D. and Kennett,J.P. (1990):
Antarctic Paleogene planktonic foraminifer biostratigraphy: ODP Leg 113, Sites 689 and 690.
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program Vol. 113 p. 549-569

Huber,B.T. (1991):
Paleogene and early Neogene planktonic foraminifer biostratigraphy of Sites 738 and 744, Kerguelen Plateau (southern Indian Ocean).
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 119 Eds: Leckie, R.M.Sigurdsson, H.Acton, G.D.Draper, G. p. 427-449

Van Eijden,A.J.M. and Smit,J. (1991):
Eastern Indian Ocean Cretaceous and Paleogene quantitative biostratigraphy.
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 121 Eds: Weissel, J.Peirce, J.Taylor, E.Alt, J. p. 77-123

Berggren,W.A.; Kent,D.V.; Swisher,C.C. and Aubry,M.P. (1995):
A revised Cenozoic Geochronology and Chronostratigraphy.
In: Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication Vol. 54

Warraich,M.Y..; Ogasawara,K.. and Nishi,H.. (2000):
Late Paleocene to early Eocene planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Dungan Formation, Sulaiman Range, Central Pakistan . Paleontological Research Vol. 4 p. 275-301

Warraich,M.Y.. and Ogasawara,K.. (2001):
Tethyan Paleocene-Eocene planktic foraminifera from the Rakhi Nala and Zinda Pir land sections of the Sulaiman Range, Pakistan . Science Reports of the Institute of Geoscience University of Tsukuba, section B Vol. 22 p. 1-59

Pearson,P.N.; Olsson,R.K.; Hemleben,C.; Huber,B.T. and Berggren,W.A. (2006):
Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera. p. 1-513
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