Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al. 1957 from: Pearson, P.N.Olsson, R.K.Hemleben, C.Huber, B.T.Berggren, W.A. (2006): Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera. p. 1-513 | . |
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Species Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al. 1957 |
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| Diagnosis / Definition: |
Kennett & Srinivasan (1983):
Test low trochospiral, chambers subglobular, four in the final whorl; sutures distinct, depressed, and slightly curved. Surface distinctly cancellate; umbilicus covered by a bulla, which is attached on three sides, with a single infralaminal aperture on the fourth side.
Pearson et al. (2006):
DESCRIPTION.
Type of wall:Cancellate, apparently spinose,
ruber/sacculifer-type wall texture, generally with heavy
gametogenetic calcification.
Test morphology: Low trochospiral, lobulate test
with 4 chambers in the final whorl. Chambers globular,
embracing, increasing rapidly in size with a small
globular, slightly intlated bulla cxtending over the
umbilicus; wall thickened by gametogenetic calcite in
adult specimens; in spiral view 4 globular chambers
increasing rapidly in size; sutures straight to slightly
curved, moderately depressed; in umbilical view 4
globular chambers, with a slightly intlatcd bulla that has
one infralaminal aperture with a continuous, thickened
imperforate rim, sutures straight, moderately depressed;
in edge view ovoid in shape with small bulla.
Size: Holotype maximum diameter 0.22 mm,
thickness 0.17 mm. |
| Discussion / Comments: |
Kennett & Srinivasan (1983):
Distinguished from Cs. dissimilis by possessing only a single accessory opening between the bulla and the umbilicus.
Van Eijden & Smit (1991):
Remarks. C. unicavus can resemble compact Globigerina^ with an aberrant final chamber. The abundances are, therefore, not reliable.
Spezzaferri & Silva (1990):
Only
specimens very close to the holotype have been
included in C. unicavus.
Pearson et al. (2006):
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES: Catapsydrax unicavus is distinguished from C. africanus by its less
intlated bulla with only one infralaminal aperture and
from Catapsydrax dissimilis by its small compact test
and bulla with just one infralaminal aperture.
Catapsydrax globiformis has a spherical-shaped test with a low, slightly inflated bulla with small circular.
infralaminal apertures.
DISCUSSION.- The type specimen of unicavus (which
is illustrated in SEM for the first time on P1. 5.3, Figs.
1-3) is from the lower Miocene Cipero Formation of
Trinidad. It is a compact form with a flat inner whorl.
Bolli (1 957'0, p. 11 6) recorded the stratigraphic range of
unicavus as beginning in the lower Oligocene
Globigerina ampliapertura Zone. Bolli (1957b, p. 117)
went on to describe the genus Globorotaloides for forms
that traverse the supposedly characteristic morphologies
of three genera in their ontogeny, namely a Globorotalialike
inner whorl, followed by a Globigerina-like stage
where the aperture becomes umbilical, and finally a
Catapsydrax-like stage with an umbilical bulla.
Comparisons of the respective holotypes of
unicavus and suteri (Pl. 5.3-?Figs. 1-3,9-11) reveal many
similarities. Both are compact forms with a relatively
flat inner whorl and a similar, cancellate wall texture,
although neither is very well preserved. The two species
differ mainly in the fact that suteri has a more inflated
bulla. However we do not consider this an important
characteristic, as it is very variable in populations, and
conclude that the two specimens are conspecific, with
suteri (Bolli) being a junior synonym of Catapsydrax
unicavus. The status of specimens of true
Globorotaloides that have been described as suteri in
the literature are discussed under that genus, below.
Bronnimann (1 952) described a small compact
bullate species as Globigerina taroubaensis from the
lower Eocene Navet Formation of Trinidad. The holotype
is illustrated for the first time in SEM in P1.5.3, Figs. 5-
7. It is very similar to the holotype of unicavus and we
regard it as a possible senior synonym. However because
taroubaensis has rarely been described by subsequent
workers (with the notable exception of Blow, 1979, p.
1346) we recommend continuance of the unicavus name until such time as the respective taxa can be researched
in more detail in their type sections. It may well be that
taroubaensis will ultimately be recognized as specifically
distinct, as argued by Blow (1979).
Finlay (1939) described (without illustrating)
Globigerina linuperta var. turgida. Jenkins selected and
illustrated a lectotype in 1964. Blow (1 969) considered
the taxon valid, placing it in Globigerinita which is a
microperforate genus in contrast to the normal perforate
turgida. Fleisher (1974) and Krasheninnikov and Basov
(1983) assigned turgida to Globorotaloides following
Jenkins (1964). In our opinion the taxon is best placed
in Catapsydrax due to its bulla with a single aperture.
We have chosen to regard turgida and unicavus as
conspecific and since unicavus was first illustrated and
is a well understood taxon we prefer to use this name
for nomenclatural stability.
Specimens of Catapsydrax unicavus are
consistently present in middle and upper Eocene
planktonic foraminiferal assemblages, but only as a
minor component. Stable isotope studies (e.g. Poore and
Matthews, 1984) suggest that they occupied a deepdwelling
planktonic habitat, in which population sizes
were never large. We have observed considerable
variability in the degree of chamber appression and bulla
morphology. However, we acknowledge that future
studies may well reveal more than one valid taxon within
our broad concept of unicavus, especially as regards the
larger, more loosely coiled morphotypes; but with the
present level of understanding we can suggest no
consistent way to subdivide them.
PHYLOGENETTC RELATIONSHIPS.- Catapsydrax
unicavus is probably derived from a subbotinid in the
early Eocene by developing a bulla that extends over
the umbilicus.
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| Systematics: |
1
Superregnum Eukaryota
Regnum Protoctista
Phylum Ciliophora
Subphylum Postciliodesmatophora
Ordo Globigerinida
Superfamilia Globorotaliaceae
Superfamilia Nonionacea
Familia Catapsydracidae
Genus Catapsydrax
Species Catapsydrax unicavus
3
Classis Foraminifera
Genus Beella
Genus Globigerinoides
Species Catapsydrax unicavus
22
Genus Catapsydrax
Species Catapsydrax unicavus
24
Genus Catapsydrax
Species Catapsydrax unicavus
32
Ordo Foraminiferida
Familia Globigerinidae
Genus Catapsydrax
Species Catapsydrax unicavus
35
Ordo Foraminiferida
Superfamilia Globigerinaceae
Familia Globigerinidae
Genus Catapsydrax
Species Catapsydrax unicavus
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| Synonym list: |
Kennett & Srinivasan (1983):
Bolli (1957):
Van Eijden & Smit (1991):
Spezzaferri & Silva (1990):
Chaisson & Leckie (1993):
Pearson et al. (2006):
1957 Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al.. - Bolli et al. : p.37 pl. 7, fig. 9a-c [upper Oligocene, Cipero Fm., Trinidad];
pl. 37, fig. 7a, b [middle Eocene Truncorotaloides rohri Zone, Navet Fm., Trinidad]
1957 Globorotaloides suteri Bolli. - Bolli : p.116 pl. 27; fig. 9-13b [Globigerina ampliapertura Zone, Cipero Fm., Trinidad]
1962 Globigerinita unicavus unicavus Bolli. - Blow & Banner : p.109 pl. 14; fig. M, N [lower Oligocene Globigerina ampliapertura Zone, Cipero Fm., Trinidad]
1962 Globorotaloides suteri Bolli. - Blow & Banner : p. 112-113 pl. XIII; fig. N-P [Globigerina oligocaenica Zone, Lindi area, Tanzania]
? 1964 Globorotaloides turgida Finlay. - Jenkins : pl. 7, fig. 1-10;
pl. X, fig. 1-12, 13 (lectotype selected) [Bortonian Stage, middle Eocene, Pahi, New Zealand]
? 1974 Globorotaloides turgida Finlay. - Fleisher : p.1029 pl. 13; fig. X [middle Eocene Zone PII. DSDP
Site 220, Arabian Sea]
1975 Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al.. - Stainforth et al. : p.328 fig. 149-1, 2.3 [upper Oligocene Globigerina ciperoensis Zone, Cipero, Fm., Trinidad];
fig. 149-5a-c [holotype re-illustrated];
fig. 149-3a-b [re-illustration of
Blow and Banner, 1962, pl. XIV, fig. M, N]
? 1979 Globigerinita turgida Finlay. - Blow : pl. 179; fig. 6-7 [middle Eocene, DSDP Site 21. South Atlantic Ocean]
1983 Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al.. - Kennett & Srinivasan : p.26 pl. 3; fig. 1-3 [lower Miocene Catapsydrax dissimilis Zone, DSDP Site 206, Tasman Sea, South Pacific Ocean]
? 1983 Globorotaloides turgidus Finlay. - Krasheninnikov & Basov : p.840 pl. 7; fig. 7-9 [middle Eocene, DSDP Site 512 Falkland Plateau, South Atlantic Ocean]
1991 Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al.. - Huber : p.439 pl. 5; fig. 18 [lower Miocene, ODP Hole 744A, Kerguelen Plateau, Southern Indian Ocean]
1994 Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al.. - Spezzaferri : p.48 pl. 33; fig. 5a-c [lower Miocne Subzone N4b, ODP Hole 516F South Atlantic Ocean]
2006 Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al.. - Pearson et al. : p.77 pl. 5.3; fig. 1-17 (Pl. 5.3, Figs. 1-3: new SEMs of holotype of Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli)
(Pl. 5.3, Figs. 5-7: new SEMs of holotypc of Globigerina taroubaensis Brönnimann)
(Pl. 5.3, Figs. 9-11: new SEMs of holotype of Globorotaloides suteri Bolli)
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| Was used in synonym list of: |
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| Specimen: |
Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., Inventory number: USNM 4216
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| References: |
Finlay,H.J. (1939):
New Zealand foraminifera; key species in stratigraphy, No. 1 . Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand Vol. 68
Brönnimann,P. (1952):
Trinidad Paleocene and lower Eocene Globigerinidae . Bulletins of American paleontology Vol. 34(143) p. 1-34
Bolli,H.M.; Loeblich,A.R. and Tappan,H. (1957):
The Planktonic foraminiferal families Hantkeninidae, Orbulinidae, Globorotaliidae, and Globotruncanidae . U.S. National Museum Bull. Vol. 215 p. 3-50
Bolli,H.M. (1957):
Planktonic foraminifera from the Oligocene-Miocene Cipero and Lengua formations of Trinidad, B.W.I..
In: Studies in Foraminifery, Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum Vol. 215 Eds: Loeblich, A.R.Tappan, H.Beckmann, J.P.Bolli, H.M.Gallitelli, E.M.Troelsen, J.C. p. 97-123
Bolli,H.M. (1957):
Planktonic Foraminifera from the Eocene Navet and San Fernando formations of Trinidad, B.W.I. . Bull. U.S. natl. Mus. Vol. 215 p. 155-172
Blow,W.H. and Banner,F.T. (1962):
The Mid-Tertiary (Upper Eocene to Aquitanian) Globigerinaceae.
In: Fundamentals of Mid‑Tertiary Stratigraphical Correlation Eds: Eames, F.E.Banner, F.T.Blow, W.H.Clarke, W.J. p. 61‑151
Asano,K.. (1962):
Tertiary globigerinids from Kyushu, Japan . Tohuku University Science Reports, Sendai, Japan, Ser. 2 (Geol.)spec. vol(no. 5) p. 55
Jenkins,D.G. (1964):
A new planktonic foraminiferal subspecies from the Australasian Lower Miocene . Micropaleontology Vol. 10(1) p. 72
Fleisher,R.L. (1974):
Cenozoic planktonic foraminifera and biostratigraphy, Arabian Sea, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 23A.
In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 23 Eds: Whitmarsh, R.B.Weser, O.E.Ross, D.A. p. 1001-1072
Stainforth,R.M.; Lamb,J.L.; Luterbacher,H.P.; Beard,J.H. and Jeffords,R.M. (1975):
Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal zonation and characteristics of index forms . Paleontological ContributionsArticle 62 p. 425
Blow,W.H. (1979):
The Cainozoic Globigerinida. 3 Vols p. 1413 pp
Kennett,J. and Srinivasan,M.S. (1983):
Neogene Planktonic Foraminifera - A Phylogenetic Atlas.
Krasheninnikov,V.A. and Basov,I.A. (1983):
Cenozoic planktonic foraminifers of the Falkland Plateau and Argentine Basin, Deep Sea Drilling Projejt Leg 71.
In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 71 Eds: Ludwig, W.J.Krasheninninov, V.A. p. 821-845
Spezzaferri,S. and Silva,I.S.. (1990):
Oligocene planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoclimatic interpretation from Hole 538A, DSDP Leg 77, Gulf of Mexico . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology Vol. 83 p. 217-263
Huber,B.T. (1991):
Paleogene and early Neogene planktonic foraminifer biostratigraphy of Sites 738 and 744, Kerguelen Plateau (southern Indian Ocean).
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 119 Eds: Leckie, R.M.Sigurdsson, H.Acton, G.D.Draper, G. p. 427-449
Van Eijden,A.J.M. and Smit,J. (1991):
Eastern Indian Ocean Cretaceous and Paleogene quantitative biostratigraphy.
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 121 Eds: Weissel, J.Peirce, J.Taylor, E.Alt, J. p. 77-123
Chaisson,W.P. and Leckie,R.M. (1993):
High-Resolution Planktonic Foraminifer Biostratigraphy of Site 806, Ontong Java Plateau (Western Equatorial Pacific).
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 130 Eds: Berger, W.H.Kroenke, L.W..Mayer, L.A..et al. p. 137-178
Spezzaferri,S. (1994):
Planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and taxonomy of the Oligocene and lower Miocene in the oceanic record. An overview . Palaeontographia Italica Vol. 81 p. 187
Pearson,P.N.; Olsson,R.K.; Hemleben,C.; Huber,B.T. and Berggren,W.A. (2006):
Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera. p. 1-513
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