Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al. 1957 (TaxonConcept

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Kennet & Srinivasan's (1983) Neogene planktonic foraminifera

Species Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al. 1957

Diagnosis / Definition:

Kennett & Srinivasan (1983):
Test low trochospiral, chambers subglobular, four in the final whorl; sutures distinct, depressed, and slightly curved. Surface distinctly cancellate; umbilicus covered by a bulla, which is attached on three sides, with a single infralaminal aperture on the fourth side.
Pearson et al. (2006):
DESCRIPTION. Type of wall:Cancellate, apparently spinose, ruber/sacculifer-type wall texture, generally with heavy gametogenetic calcification. Test morphology: Low trochospiral, lobulate test with 4 chambers in the final whorl. Chambers globular, embracing, increasing rapidly in size with a small globular, slightly intlated bulla cxtending over the umbilicus; wall thickened by gametogenetic calcite in adult specimens; in spiral view 4 globular chambers increasing rapidly in size; sutures straight to slightly curved, moderately depressed; in umbilical view 4 globular chambers, with a slightly intlatcd bulla that has one infralaminal aperture with a continuous, thickened imperforate rim, sutures straight, moderately depressed; in edge view ovoid in shape with small bulla. Size: Holotype maximum diameter 0.22 mm, thickness 0.17 mm.

Discussion / Comments:

Kennett & Srinivasan (1983):
Distinguished from Cs. dissimilis by possessing only a single accessory opening between the bulla and the umbilicus.
Van Eijden & Smit (1991):
Remarks. C. unicavus can resemble compact Globigerina^ with an aberrant final chamber. The abundances are, therefore, not reliable.
Spezzaferri & Silva (1990):
Only specimens very close to the holotype have been included in C. unicavus.
Pearson et al. (2006):
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES: Catapsydrax unicavus is distinguished from C. africanus by its less intlated bulla with only one infralaminal aperture and from Catapsydrax dissimilis by its small compact test and bulla with just one infralaminal aperture. Catapsydrax globiformis has a spherical-shaped test with a low, slightly inflated bulla with small circular. infralaminal apertures. DISCUSSION.- The type specimen of unicavus (which is illustrated in SEM for the first time on P1. 5.3, Figs. 1-3) is from the lower Miocene Cipero Formation of Trinidad. It is a compact form with a flat inner whorl. Bolli (1 957'0, p. 11 6) recorded the stratigraphic range of unicavus as beginning in the lower Oligocene Globigerina ampliapertura Zone. Bolli (1957b, p. 117) went on to describe the genus Globorotaloides for forms that traverse the supposedly characteristic morphologies of three genera in their ontogeny, namely a Globorotalialike inner whorl, followed by a Globigerina-like stage where the aperture becomes umbilical, and finally a Catapsydrax-like stage with an umbilical bulla. Comparisons of the respective holotypes of unicavus and suteri (Pl. 5.3-?Figs. 1-3,9-11) reveal many similarities. Both are compact forms with a relatively flat inner whorl and a similar, cancellate wall texture, although neither is very well preserved. The two species differ mainly in the fact that suteri has a more inflated bulla. However we do not consider this an important characteristic, as it is very variable in populations, and conclude that the two specimens are conspecific, with suteri (Bolli) being a junior synonym of Catapsydrax unicavus. The status of specimens of true Globorotaloides that have been described as suteri in the literature are discussed under that genus, below. Bronnimann (1 952) described a small compact bullate species as Globigerina taroubaensis from the lower Eocene Navet Formation of Trinidad. The holotype is illustrated for the first time in SEM in P1.5.3, Figs. 5- 7. It is very similar to the holotype of unicavus and we regard it as a possible senior synonym. However because taroubaensis has rarely been described by subsequent workers (with the notable exception of Blow, 1979, p. 1346) we recommend continuance of the unicavus name until such time as the respective taxa can be researched in more detail in their type sections. It may well be that taroubaensis will ultimately be recognized as specifically distinct, as argued by Blow (1979). Finlay (1939) described (without illustrating) Globigerina linuperta var. turgida. Jenkins selected and illustrated a lectotype in 1964. Blow (1 969) considered the taxon valid, placing it in Globigerinita which is a microperforate genus in contrast to the normal perforate turgida. Fleisher (1974) and Krasheninnikov and Basov (1983) assigned turgida to Globorotaloides following Jenkins (1964). In our opinion the taxon is best placed in Catapsydrax due to its bulla with a single aperture. We have chosen to regard turgida and unicavus as conspecific and since unicavus was first illustrated and is a well understood taxon we prefer to use this name for nomenclatural stability. Specimens of Catapsydrax unicavus are consistently present in middle and upper Eocene planktonic foraminiferal assemblages, but only as a minor component. Stable isotope studies (e.g. Poore and Matthews, 1984) suggest that they occupied a deepdwelling planktonic habitat, in which population sizes were never large. We have observed considerable variability in the degree of chamber appression and bulla morphology. However, we acknowledge that future studies may well reveal more than one valid taxon within our broad concept of unicavus, especially as regards the larger, more loosely coiled morphotypes; but with the present level of understanding we can suggest no consistent way to subdivide them. PHYLOGENETTC RELATIONSHIPS.- Catapsydrax unicavus is probably derived from a subbotinid in the early Eocene by developing a bulla that extends over the umbilicus.

Systematics:

1
Superregnum Eukaryota
  Regnum Protoctista
   Phylum Ciliophora
    Subphylum Postciliodesmatophora
     Ordo Globigerinida
      Superfamilia Globorotaliaceae
       Superfamilia Nonionacea
        Familia Catapsydracidae
         Genus Catapsydrax
          Species Catapsydrax unicavus

3
  Classis Foraminifera
   Genus Beella
    Genus Globigerinoides
     Species Catapsydrax unicavus

22
  Genus Catapsydrax
   Species Catapsydrax unicavus

24
  Genus Catapsydrax
   Species Catapsydrax unicavus

32
Ordo Foraminiferida
  Familia Globigerinidae
   Genus Catapsydrax
    Species Catapsydrax unicavus

35
  Ordo Foraminiferida
   Superfamilia Globigerinaceae
    Familia Globigerinidae
     Genus Catapsydrax
      Species Catapsydrax unicavus

Synonym list:

Kennett & Srinivasan (1983):

. 1957 Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al.. - Bolli et al. : p.37 figs9a-c

Bolli (1957):

1957 Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al.. - Bolli : p. 274 pl. 37, figs 7a-b

1957 Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al.. - Bolli et al. : p. 37 pl. 7, figs. 9a-c

Van Eijden & Smit (1991):

1957 Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al.. - Bolli et al. : p.37 pl. 7, fig. 9

1991 Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al.. - Van Eijden & Smit : p.109

Spezzaferri & Silva (1990):

1957 Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al.. - Bolli et al. : pl. 7; fig. 9a-c

1990 Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al.. - Spezzaferri & Silva :

Chaisson & Leckie (1993):

1957 Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al.. - Bolli et al. : p.37 pl. 7; fig. 9a-c

1983 Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al.. - Kennett & Srinivasan : p.26 pl. 3; fig. 1-3

Pearson et al. (2006):

1939 Globigerina linaperta var. turgida Finlay. - Finlay : p.125 [Bartonian Stage, middle Eocene, Pahi, New Zealand]

? 1952 Globigerina taroubaensis Brönnimann. - Brönnimann : I X pl. 2; fig. 16-I X [lower Eocene Ramdat Marl, Trinidad]

1952 Globigerina linaperta var. turgida Finlay. - Brönnimann : p. 19-21 pl. 3; fig. 1-3 [lower Eocene, Trinidad]

1957 Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al.. - Bolli et al. : p.37 pl. 7, fig. 9a-c [upper Oligocene, Cipero Fm., Trinidad]; pl. 37, fig. 7a, b [middle Eocene Truncorotaloides rohri Zone, Navet Fm., Trinidad]

1957 Globorotaloides suteri Bolli. - Bolli : p.116 pl. 27; fig. 9-13b [Globigerina ampliapertura Zone, Cipero Fm., Trinidad]

1962 Globigerinita unicavus unicavus Bolli. - Blow & Banner : p.109 pl. 14; fig. M, N [lower Oligocene Globigerina ampliapertura Zone, Cipero Fm., Trinidad]

1962 Globorotaloides suteri Bolli. - Blow & Banner : p. 112-113 pl. XIII; fig. N-P [Globigerina oligocaenica Zone, Lindi area, Tanzania]

1962 Globigerina isahayensis Asano. - Asano : p.55 pl. 21; fig. 9a-c [Eocene, Kyushu, Japan]

? 1964 Globorotaloides turgida Finlay. - Jenkins : pl. 7, fig. 1-10; pl. X, fig. 1-12, 13 (lectotype selected) [Bortonian Stage, middle Eocene, Pahi, New Zealand]

? 1974 Globorotaloides turgida Finlay. - Fleisher : p.1029 pl. 13; fig. X [middle Eocene Zone PII. DSDP Site 220, Arabian Sea]

1975 Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al.. - Stainforth et al. : p.328 fig. 149-1, 2.3 [upper Oligocene Globigerina ciperoensis Zone, Cipero, Fm., Trinidad]; fig. 149-5a-c [holotype re-illustrated]; fig. 149-3a-b [re-illustration of Blow and Banner, 1962, pl. XIV, fig. M, N]

1979 Globorotaloides suteri Bolli. - Blow : pl. 247; fig. 9-10 [Zone O1, Lindi, Tanzania]

? 1979 Globigerinita turgida Finlay. - Blow : pl. 179; fig. 6-7 [middle Eocene, DSDP Site 21. South Atlantic Ocean]

1983 Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al.. - Kennett & Srinivasan : p.26 pl. 3; fig. 1-3 [lower Miocene Catapsydrax dissimilis Zone, DSDP Site 206, Tasman Sea, South Pacific Ocean]

? 1983 Globorotaloides turgidus Finlay. - Krasheninnikov & Basov : p.840 pl. 7; fig. 7-9 [middle Eocene, DSDP Site 512 Falkland Plateau, South Atlantic Ocean]

1991 Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al.. - Huber : p.439 pl. 5; fig. 18 [lower Miocene, ODP Hole 744A, Kerguelen Plateau, Southern Indian Ocean]

1994 Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al.. - Spezzaferri : p.48 pl. 33; fig. 5a-c [lower Miocne Subzone N4b, ODP Hole 516F South Atlantic Ocean]

2006 Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli et al.. - Pearson et al. : p.77 pl. 5.3; fig. 1-17 (Pl. 5.3, Figs. 1-3: new SEMs of holotype of Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli) (Pl. 5.3, Figs. 5-7: new SEMs of holotypc of Globigerina taroubaensis Brönnimann) (Pl. 5.3, Figs. 9-11: new SEMs of holotype of Globorotaloides suteri Bolli)

Was used in synonym list of:

Catapsydrax dissimilis Cushman & Bermudez 1937

Specimen:

Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., Inventory number: USNM 4216

References:

Finlay,H.J. (1939):
New Zealand foraminifera; key species in stratigraphy, No. 1 . Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand Vol. 68

Brönnimann,P. (1952):
Trinidad Paleocene and lower Eocene Globigerinidae . Bulletins of American paleontology Vol. 34(143) p. 1-34

Bolli,H.M.; Loeblich,A.R. and Tappan,H. (1957):
The Planktonic foraminiferal families Hantkeninidae, Orbulinidae, Globorotaliidae, and Globotruncanidae . U.S. National Museum Bull. Vol. 215 p. 3-50

Bolli,H.M. (1957):
Planktonic foraminifera from the Oligocene-Miocene Cipero and Lengua formations of Trinidad, B.W.I..
In: Studies in Foraminifery, Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum Vol. 215 Eds: Loeblich, A.R.Tappan, H.Beckmann, J.P.Bolli, H.M.Gallitelli, E.M.Troelsen, J.C. p. 97-123

Bolli,H.M. (1957):
Planktonic Foraminifera from the Eocene Navet and San Fernando formations of Trinidad, B.W.I. . Bull. U.S. natl. Mus. Vol. 215 p. 155-172

Blow,W.H. and Banner,F.T. (1962):
The Mid-Tertiary (Upper Eocene to Aquitanian) Globigerinaceae.
In: Fundamentals of Mid‑Tertiary Stratigraphical Correlation Eds: Eames, F.E.Banner, F.T.Blow, W.H.Clarke, W.J. p. 61‑151

Asano,K.. (1962):
Tertiary globigerinids from Kyushu, Japan . Tohuku University Science Reports, Sendai, Japan, Ser. 2 (Geol.)spec. vol(no. 5) p. 55

Jenkins,D.G. (1964):
A new planktonic foraminiferal subspecies from the Australasian Lower Miocene . Micropaleontology Vol. 10(1) p. 72

Fleisher,R.L. (1974):
Cenozoic planktonic foraminifera and biostratigraphy, Arabian Sea, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 23A.
In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 23 Eds: Whitmarsh, R.B.Weser, O.E.Ross, D.A. p. 1001-1072

Stainforth,R.M.; Lamb,J.L.; Luterbacher,H.P.; Beard,J.H. and Jeffords,R.M. (1975):
Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal zonation and characteristics of index forms . Paleontological ContributionsArticle 62 p. 425

Blow,W.H. (1979):
The Cainozoic Globigerinida. 3 Vols p. 1413 pp

Kennett,J. and Srinivasan,M.S. (1983):
Neogene Planktonic Foraminifera - A Phylogenetic Atlas.

Krasheninnikov,V.A. and Basov,I.A. (1983):
Cenozoic planktonic foraminifers of the Falkland Plateau and Argentine Basin, Deep Sea Drilling Projejt Leg 71.
In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 71 Eds: Ludwig, W.J.Krasheninninov, V.A. p. 821-845

Spezzaferri,S. and Silva,I.S.. (1990):
Oligocene planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoclimatic interpretation from Hole 538A, DSDP Leg 77, Gulf of Mexico . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology Vol. 83 p. 217-263

Huber,B.T. (1991):
Paleogene and early Neogene planktonic foraminifer biostratigraphy of Sites 738 and 744, Kerguelen Plateau (southern Indian Ocean).
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 119 Eds: Leckie, R.M.Sigurdsson, H.Acton, G.D.Draper, G. p. 427-449

Van Eijden,A.J.M. and Smit,J. (1991):
Eastern Indian Ocean Cretaceous and Paleogene quantitative biostratigraphy.
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 121 Eds: Weissel, J.Peirce, J.Taylor, E.Alt, J. p. 77-123

Chaisson,W.P. and Leckie,R.M. (1993):
High-Resolution Planktonic Foraminifer Biostratigraphy of Site 806, Ontong Java Plateau (Western Equatorial Pacific).
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 130 Eds: Berger, W.H.Kroenke, L.W..Mayer, L.A..et al. p. 137-178

Spezzaferri,S. (1994):
Planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and taxonomy of the Oligocene and lower Miocene in the oceanic record. An overview . Palaeontographia Italica Vol. 81 p. 187

Pearson,P.N.; Olsson,R.K.; Hemleben,C.; Huber,B.T. and Berggren,W.A. (2006):
Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera. p. 1-513

Anonymous: Unedited TaxonConcept data

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