Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton 1932 from: Bolli, H.M. (1957): Planktonic foraminifera from the Oligocene-Miocene Cipero and Lengua formations of Trinidad, B.W.I.. In: Studies in Foraminifery, Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum Vol. 215 Eds: Loeblich, A.R.Tappan, H.Beckmann, J.P.Bolli, H.M.Gallitelli, E.M.Troelsen, J.C. p. 97-123 | . |
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Species Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton 1932 |
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| Diagnosis / Definition: |
Kennett & Srinivasan (1983):
Test very small, enrolled biserial (cassiduline) coil, with eight to nine globular to subglobular chambers; surface smooth, finely perforated ; aperture an elongate loop-shaped slit, often filled with fine-grained sediments.
Pearson et al. (2006):
DESCRIPTION.-
Type of wall: Normal perforate, surface smooth
or papillose with randomly distributed pore cones.
Test morphology: Test small, outline
subrectangular to elliptical, periphery strongly lobate;
coiling mode biserially-planispirally enrolled or
pseudoplanispiral; chambers subglobular, inflated, 7-8
visible externally, increasing rapidly in size; sutures
depressed, distinct; aperture a broad or sometimes
virguline-shaped, highly arched opening at the base of
the final chamber, bordered by an asymmetrically
thickened narrow lip.
Size: Holotype length 0.15 mm, width 0.12 mm;
lengths typically varying from 0.10 to 0.22 mm. |
| Discussion / Comments: |
Bolli & Saunders (1985):
A characteristic difference between C. chipolensis and C. winniana lies in the chamber arrangement of the final whorl. In chipolensis it is alternating throughout, in winniana it changes from initially planispiral to alternating as clearly seen in the better drawn holotype figures of C. eocaenica (Figs. 16.5 6), considered a synonym of C. winniana. In addition, chambers in chipolensis are more inflated in the final whorl resulting in a more rounded periphery compared with winniana. The two species are also distinct in their sizes, chipolensis specimens measuring 0.13-0.19 min against 0.1-0.12 mail in the smaller winniana (Cordey, 1968).
Bolli (1957):
Cassigerinella chipolensis is restricted to the Cipero formation. The very small species is easily recognizable.
Van Eijden & Smit (1991):
Remarks. C. chipolensis is rare but consistently present in the Oligocene of Site 758, and very rare at Site 757.
Pearson et al. (2006):
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES.-
Differs from C.
eocaenica by having a broader and more globular test
and a planispirally or pseudoplanispirally enrolled
coiling mode rather than a biserially enrolled coiling
mode.
DISCUSSION .-
Pokorny (1 955) erected C.
boudecensis to distinguish forms with a papillose surface
texture from the smooth tests of C. chipolensis, and he
designated C. boudecensis as the type species of
Cassigerinella. Later, Pokorny (in Eames and others, 1962) considered boudecensis to be a junior synonym
of chipolensis. Subsequent workers adopted this view
until Li (1986) regarded the presence of pore cones in
boudecensis as a key criterion for distinguishing that
species from the smooth-walled chipolensis. In a more
recent paper, however, Li and McGowran (1996) treated
boudecensis as a morphotype of chipolensis rather than
as a distinct species. This is a prudent approach that is
adopted in the present study, as observation of pore cones
using only a light microscope may be difficult and the
stratigraphic ranges of forms with pore cones and those
without have never been shown to differ.
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS.-
Probably
derived from C. eocaenica during the latest Eocene (Li,
1986) following an increased inflation of the test and
switch from a biserially enrolled coiling mode to
planispirally or pseudoplanispiralpy enrolled coiling
mode.
STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE.-
Uppermost Eocene
Zone E16 to middle Miocene Zone Mil3a. Because of
its small size, rare abundance, and sporadic distribution,
the lowest occurrence of C. chipolensis has been
recorded at different levels at different sites. In the
Mediterranean regions, the L0 of chipolensis was
recorded both above and below the first occurrence of
Orbulina (Martinotti, 1989), whereas this datum was
recorded in Zone P21 (=ZoneO4-O5)at Cape May (Liu
and others, 1997) and Zone P18 (=Zone O1) at Ceara
Rise ODP Leg 154 (Pearson and Chaisson, 1997) and in
southern Australia (Li and McGrowan, 1996). Nocchi
and others (1991) reported chipolensis within a short
interval of Zone P21a (=Zone 04) at ODP Holes 703A
and 704B in the southeast South Atlantic. In New
Zealand chiploensis occurs sporadically in lower
Oligocene through middle Miocene sediments (Jenkins,
1971). The only uppermost Eocene occurrence of
hip olensis is here reported from the Leg 150X Atlantic
City borehole (Pl. 16.4, Figs. 26,27), which was assigned
to Zone P15 (=E14) by Liu and others (1997).
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.-
Low to middle
latitudes; in the Southern Hemisphere chipolensis has
not been reported southwards of ODP Site 703 in the southeast South Atlantic
Ocean.
STABLE ISOTOPE PALEOBIOLOGY.-
In their study
of stable isotope depth rankings of Oligocene planktonic foraminifera from the equatorial Atlantic, Boersma and Shackleton (1978) state that Cassigerinella consistently plots with Chiloguembelina and Pseudohastigerina and is considered as an upper mixed layer dwelling species. |
| Systematics: |
3
Classis Foraminifera
Genus Cassigerinella
Species Cassigerinella chipolensis
32
Ordo Foraminiferida
Familia Hantkeninidae
Genus Cassigerinella
Species Cassigerinella chipolensis
35
Ordo Foraminiferida
Superfamilia Globigerinaceae
Familia Cassigerinellidae
Genus Cassigerinella
Species Cassigerinella chipolensis
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| Synonym list: |
Kennett & Srinivasan (1983):
Bolli & Saunders (1985):
Bolli (1957):
Van Eijden & Smit (1991):
Vincent & Toumarkine (1990):
Spezzaferri & Silva (1990):
Chaisson & Leckie (1993):
Pearson et al. (2006):
1932 Cassidulina chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Cushman & Ponton : p.98 pl. 15; fig. 2a-c [lower Miocene, Alum Bluff Group,
Calhoun County, Florida].
1957 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Bolli : p.108 pl. 22; fig. 3a-c [lower Oligocene, Globorotalia opima opima Zone,
Cipero Fm., Trinidad]
1979 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Blow : p. 1362-1363 pl. 51, fig. 5;
pl. 247, fig. 5-8 [middle Oligocene, Zone P19-P20, Lindi, Tanzania]
1986 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Li : p.61 pl. 1, fig. 1-18;
pl. 2, fig. 1-14;
pl. 3, fig. 1-4, 7-11;
pl. 4, fig. 1-17 [Lower Oligocene, Zone P21, Cipero Fm., Trinidad]
1993 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Leckie et al. : p.123 pl. 7; fig. 18-19 [lower-middle Oligocene, ODP Hole 628A, Little
Bahama Bank, western North Atlantic]
1996 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Li & McGowran : pl. 1; fig. 9 [lower middle Miocene, Cadell Marl,
South Australia]
2006 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Pearson et al. : p.482 pl. 16.4; fig. 23-27 (Pl. 16.4, Figs. 23,24: new SEMs of holotype of
Cassidulina chipolensis Cushman and Ponton)
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| Specimen: |
Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., Inventory number: USNM 10326
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| References: |
Cushman,J.A. and Ponton,G.M. (1932):
The foraminifera of the Upper Middle and part of the Lower Miocene of Florida . Florida Geological Survey Bulletin Vol. 9
Cushman,J.A. and Stainforth,R.M. (1945):
The foraminifers of the Cipero Marl Formation of Trinidad, British West Indies . Journal of Foraminiferal Research Vol. 14 p. 1-75
Pokorny,V. (1955):
Cassigerinella boudecensis n.gen. n.sp. (Foraminifera, Protozoa) z oligocenu zdanickeho flyse . Vesn. ustred. Ustravu geol. Vol. 30 p. 136-140
Bolli,H.M. (1957):
Planktonic foraminifera from the Oligocene-Miocene Cipero and Lengua formations of Trinidad, B.W.I..
In: Studies in Foraminifery, Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum Vol. 215 Eds: Loeblich, A.R.Tappan, H.Beckmann, J.P.Bolli, H.M.Gallitelli, E.M.Troelsen, J.C. p. 97-123
Bolli,H.M.; Loeblich,A.R. and Tappan,H. (1957):
Planktonic foraminifera families Hantkeninidae, Orbulinidae, Globorotaliidae and Globotruncanidae . United States National Museum Bulletin Vol. 215 p. 3-50
Ivanova,L.V. (1958):
New genera and species of foraminifera.
In: Microfauna of the USSR, Trudy, VNIGRI, new series Vol. 115(9) Eds: Bykova, e.N.K.. p. 5 -106
Blow,W.H. (1959):
Age, correlation and biostratigraphy of the upper Tocuyo (San Lorenzo) and Pozón Formations, eastern Falcon, Venezuela . Bull. Am. Paleontol. Vol. 39(178) p. 67-252
Jenkins,D.G. (1971):
New Zealand Cenozoic Planktonic Foraminifera . New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin Vol. 42
Quilty,P.G.. (1976):
Planctonic foraminifera DSDP Leg 34- Nazca Plata . DSDP initial reports Vol. 34
Blow,W.H. (1979):
The Cainozoic Globigerinida. 3 Vols p. 1413 pp
Kennett,J. and Srinivasan,M.S. (1983):
Neogene Planktonic Foraminifera - A Phylogenetic Atlas.
Bolli,H.M. and Saunders,J.B. (1985):
Oligocene to Holocene low latitude planktic foraminifers.
In: Plankton Stratigraphy Eds: Bolli, H.M.Saunders, J.B. p. 155-262
Li,Q. (1986):
Ultrastructure, morphology, affinities and reclassification of Cassigerinella Pokorny (Foraminiferida; Globigerina) . Journal of Micropalaeontology Vol. 5 p. p. 49-64
Spezzaferri,S. and Silva,I.S.. (1990):
Oligocene planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoclimatic interpretation from Hole 538A, DSDP Leg 77, Gulf of Mexico . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology Vol. 83 p. 217-263
Vincent,E. and Toumarkine,M. (1990):
Neogene planktonic foraminifers from the Western Tropical Indian Ocean, Leg 115.
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 115 Eds: Duncan, R.A..Backman, J.Peterson, L.C. p. 795-836
Van Eijden,A.J.M. and Smit,J. (1991):
Eastern Indian Ocean Cretaceous and Paleogene quantitative biostratigraphy.
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 121 Eds: Weissel, J.Peirce, J.Taylor, E.Alt, J. p. 77-123
Leckie,R.M.; Farnham,C.. and Schmidt,M.G.. (1993):
Oligocene planktonic foraminifer biostratigraphy of Hole 803D (Ontong Java Plateau) and Hole 628A (Little Bahama Bank), and comparison with the southern high latitudes.
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results: Ocean Drilling Program Vol. 130 Eds: Berger, W.H.Kroenke, L.W..and others p. 113-136
Chaisson,W.P. and Leckie,R.M. (1993):
High-Resolution Planktonic Foraminifer Biostratigraphy of Site 806, Ontong Java Plateau (Western Equatorial Pacific).
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 130 Eds: Berger, W.H.Kroenke, L.W..Mayer, L.A..et al. p. 137-178
Li,Q. and McGowran,B. (1996):
The Planktonic foraminifer Cassigerinella winniana (Howe) from southern Australia; Comments on its lineage recognition . Revista Espanola de Micropaleontologia Vol. 28 p. 97-103
Pearson,P.N.; Olsson,R.K.; Hemleben,C.; Huber,B.T. and Berggren,W.A. (2006):
Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera. p. 1-513
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