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Species Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton 1932


Diagnosis / Definition:
Kennett & Srinivasan (1983):
Test very small, enrolled biserial (cassiduline) coil, with eight to nine globular to subglobular chambers; surface smooth, finely perforated ; aperture an elongate loop-shaped slit, often filled with fine-grained sediments.
Pearson et al. (2006):
DESCRIPTION.- Type of wall: Normal perforate, surface smooth or papillose with randomly distributed pore cones. Test morphology: Test small, outline subrectangular to elliptical, periphery strongly lobate; coiling mode biserially-planispirally enrolled or pseudoplanispiral; chambers subglobular, inflated, 7-8 visible externally, increasing rapidly in size; sutures depressed, distinct; aperture a broad or sometimes virguline-shaped, highly arched opening at the base of the final chamber, bordered by an asymmetrically thickened narrow lip. Size: Holotype length 0.15 mm, width 0.12 mm; lengths typically varying from 0.10 to 0.22 mm.
Discussion / Comments:
Bolli & Saunders (1985):
A characteristic difference between C. chipolensis and C. winniana lies in the chamber arrangement of the final whorl. In chipolensis it is alternating throughout, in winniana it changes from initially planispiral to alternating as clearly seen in the better drawn holotype figures of C. eocaenica (Figs. 16.5 6), considered a synonym of C. winniana. In addition, chambers in chipolensis are more inflated in the final whorl resulting in a more rounded periphery compared with winniana. The two species are also distinct in their sizes, chipolensis specimens measuring 0.13-0.19 min against 0.1-0.12 mail in the smaller winniana (Cordey, 1968).
Bolli (1957):
Cassigerinella chipolensis is restricted to the Cipero formation. The very small species is easily recognizable.
Van Eijden & Smit (1991):
Remarks. C. chipolensis is rare but consistently present in the Oligocene of Site 758, and very rare at Site 757.
Pearson et al. (2006):
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES.- Differs from C. eocaenica by having a broader and more globular test and a planispirally or pseudoplanispirally enrolled coiling mode rather than a biserially enrolled coiling mode. DISCUSSION .- Pokorny (1 955) erected C. boudecensis to distinguish forms with a papillose surface texture from the smooth tests of C. chipolensis, and he designated C. boudecensis as the type species of Cassigerinella. Later, Pokorny (in Eames and others, 1962) considered boudecensis to be a junior synonym of chipolensis. Subsequent workers adopted this view until Li (1986) regarded the presence of pore cones in boudecensis as a key criterion for distinguishing that species from the smooth-walled chipolensis. In a more recent paper, however, Li and McGowran (1996) treated boudecensis as a morphotype of chipolensis rather than as a distinct species. This is a prudent approach that is adopted in the present study, as observation of pore cones using only a light microscope may be difficult and the stratigraphic ranges of forms with pore cones and those without have never been shown to differ. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS.- Probably derived from C. eocaenica during the latest Eocene (Li, 1986) following an increased inflation of the test and switch from a biserially enrolled coiling mode to planispirally or pseudoplanispiralpy enrolled coiling mode. STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE.- Uppermost Eocene Zone E16 to middle Miocene Zone Mil3a. Because of its small size, rare abundance, and sporadic distribution, the lowest occurrence of C. chipolensis has been recorded at different levels at different sites. In the Mediterranean regions, the L0 of chipolensis was recorded both above and below the first occurrence of Orbulina (Martinotti, 1989), whereas this datum was recorded in Zone P21 (=ZoneO4-O5)at Cape May (Liu and others, 1997) and Zone P18 (=Zone O1) at Ceara Rise ODP Leg 154 (Pearson and Chaisson, 1997) and in southern Australia (Li and McGrowan, 1996). Nocchi and others (1991) reported chipolensis within a short interval of Zone P21a (=Zone 04) at ODP Holes 703A and 704B in the southeast South Atlantic. In New Zealand chiploensis occurs sporadically in lower Oligocene through middle Miocene sediments (Jenkins, 1971). The only uppermost Eocene occurrence of hip olensis is here reported from the Leg 150X Atlantic City borehole (Pl. 16.4, Figs. 26,27), which was assigned to Zone P15 (=E14) by Liu and others (1997). GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.- Low to middle latitudes; in the Southern Hemisphere chipolensis has not been reported southwards of ODP Site 703 in the southeast South Atlantic Ocean. STABLE ISOTOPE PALEOBIOLOGY.- In their study of stable isotope depth rankings of Oligocene planktonic foraminifera from the equatorial Atlantic, Boersma and Shackleton (1978) state that Cassigerinella consistently plots with Chiloguembelina and Pseudohastigerina and is considered as an upper mixed layer dwelling species.
Systematics:

3
 Classis Foraminifera
  Genus Cassigerinella
   Species Cassigerinella chipolensis

32
 Ordo Foraminiferida
  Familia Hantkeninidae
   Genus Cassigerinella
    Species Cassigerinella chipolensis

35
  Ordo Foraminiferida
   Superfamilia Globigerinaceae
    Familia Cassigerinellidae
     Genus Cassigerinella
      Species Cassigerinella chipolensis
Synonym list:
Kennett & Srinivasan (1983):
1932 Cassidulina chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Cushman & Ponton : p.98 Pl 15 figs 2a-c
Bolli & Saunders (1985):
1932 Cassidulina chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Cushman & Ponton : p.98 pl. 15, figs. 2a-c
1955 Cassigerinella boudecensis Pokorny. - Pokorny : p.136 text-figs. 1-3
1958 Cassigerinella globolocula Ivanova. - Ivanova : p.57 pl. 11, figs. 1-3
1985 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Bolli & Saunders : p.186 figs. 16.1-2; 7,9,12
Bolli (1957):
1932 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Cushman & Ponton : p. 98 pl. 15, figs. 2a-c
1945 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Cushman & Stainforth : p. 64 pl. 12, fig. 5
1957 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Bolli : pl. 22, figs. 3a-c
Van Eijden & Smit (1991):
1932 Cassidulina chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Cushman & Ponton : p.98 pl. 15, fig. 2
1991 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Van Eijden & Smit : p.114
Vincent & Toumarkine (1990):
1932 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Cushman & Ponton : p. 98 pl. 15, fig. 2
1990 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Vincent & Toumarkine : p. 795
Spezzaferri & Silva (1990):
1932 Cassidulina chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Cushman & Ponton :
1985 Cassidulina chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Bolli & Saunders : fig. 16 (1-2)
1990 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Spezzaferri & Silva : p.247 pl. VIII, fig. 6a-b
Chaisson & Leckie (1993):
1932 Cassidulina chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Cushman & Ponton : p.98 pl. 15; fig. 2a-c
1983 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Kennett & Srinivasan : p.18 pl. 1; fig. 3-5
Pearson et al. (2006):
1932 Cassidulina chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Cushman & Ponton : p.98 pl. 15; fig. 2a-c [lower Miocene, Alum Bluff Group, Calhoun County, Florida].
1955 Cassigerinella boudecensis Pokorny. - Pokorny : p.138 fig. 1-3 [middle Oligocene, Pausramer Marl, Czech Republic]
1957 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Bolli : p.108 pl. 22; fig. 3a-c [lower Oligocene, Globorotalia opima opima Zone, Cipero Fm., Trinidad]
1957 Cassigerinella boudecensis Pokorny. - Bolli et al. : p. 30-31 pl. 3; fig. 6a-c [middle Oligocene, Czechloslovakia]
1971 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Jenkins : p. 73-74 pl. 1; fig. 30 [New Zealand]
1979 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Blow : p. 1362-1363 pl. 51, fig. 5; pl. 247, fig. 5-8 [middle Oligocene, Zone P19-P20, Lindi, Tanzania]
1986 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Li : p.61 pl. 1, fig. 1-18; pl. 2, fig. 1-14; pl. 3, fig. 1-4, 7-11; pl. 4, fig. 1-17 [Lower Oligocene, Zone P21, Cipero Fm., Trinidad]
1993 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Leckie et al. : p.123 pl. 7; fig. 18-19 [lower-middle Oligocene, ODP Hole 628A, Little Bahama Bank, western North Atlantic]
1996 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Li & McGowran : pl. 1; fig. 9 [lower middle Miocene, Cadell Marl, South Australia]
2006 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Pearson et al. : p.482 pl. 16.4; fig. 23-27 (Pl. 16.4, Figs. 23,24: new SEMs of holotype of Cassidulina chipolensis Cushman and Ponton)
Quilty (1976):
1932 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Cushman & Ponton : p.98 pl. 15, fig. 2a-c
1959 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Blow : p.169 pl. 7, figs. 30a-c
1976 Cassigerinella chipolensis Cushman & Ponton. - Quilty : p.703 pl. 19, figs. 11-12
Specimen:
Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., Inventory number: USNM 10326
References:

Cushman,J.A. and Ponton,G.M. (1932):
The foraminifera of the Upper Middle and part of the Lower Miocene of Florida . Florida Geological Survey Bulletin Vol. 9

Cushman,J.A. and Stainforth,R.M. (1945):
The foraminifers of the Cipero Marl Formation of Trinidad, British West Indies . Journal of Foraminiferal Research Vol. 14 p. 1-75

Pokorny,V. (1955):
Cassigerinella boudecensis n.gen. n.sp. (Foraminifera, Protozoa) z oligocenu zdanickeho flyse . Vesn. ustred. Ustravu geol. Vol. 30 p. 136-140

Bolli,H.M. (1957):
Planktonic foraminifera from the Oligocene-Miocene Cipero and Lengua formations of Trinidad, B.W.I..
In: Studies in Foraminifery, Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum Vol. 215 Eds: Loeblich, A.R.Tappan, H.Beckmann, J.P.Bolli, H.M.Gallitelli, E.M.Troelsen, J.C. p. 97-123

Bolli,H.M.; Loeblich,A.R. and Tappan,H. (1957):
Planktonic foraminifera families Hantkeninidae, Orbulinidae, Globorotaliidae and Globotruncanidae . United States National Museum Bulletin Vol. 215 p. 3-50

Ivanova,L.V. (1958):
New genera and species of foraminifera.
In: Microfauna of the USSR, Trudy, VNIGRI, new series Vol. 115(9) Eds: Bykova, e.N.K.. p. 5 -106

Blow,W.H. (1959):
Age, correlation and biostratigraphy of the upper Tocuyo (San Lorenzo) and Pozón Formations, eastern Falcon, Venezuela . Bull. Am. Paleontol. Vol. 39(178) p. 67-252

Jenkins,D.G. (1971):
New Zealand Cenozoic Planktonic Foraminifera . New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin Vol. 42

Quilty,P.G.. (1976):
Planctonic foraminifera DSDP Leg 34- Nazca Plata . DSDP initial reports Vol. 34

Blow,W.H. (1979):
The Cainozoic Globigerinida. 3 Vols p. 1413 pp

Kennett,J. and Srinivasan,M.S. (1983):
Neogene Planktonic Foraminifera - A Phylogenetic Atlas.

Bolli,H.M. and Saunders,J.B. (1985):
Oligocene to Holocene low latitude planktic foraminifers.
In: Plankton Stratigraphy Eds: Bolli, H.M.Saunders, J.B. p. 155-262

Li,Q. (1986):
Ultrastructure, morphology, affinities and reclassification of Cassigerinella Pokorny (Foraminiferida; Globigerina) . Journal of Micropalaeontology Vol. 5 p. p. 49-64

Spezzaferri,S. and Silva,I.S.. (1990):
Oligocene planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoclimatic interpretation from Hole 538A, DSDP Leg 77, Gulf of Mexico . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology Vol. 83 p. 217-263

Vincent,E. and Toumarkine,M. (1990):
Neogene planktonic foraminifers from the Western Tropical Indian Ocean, Leg 115.
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 115 Eds: Duncan, R.A..Backman, J.Peterson, L.C. p. 795-836

Van Eijden,A.J.M. and Smit,J. (1991):
Eastern Indian Ocean Cretaceous and Paleogene quantitative biostratigraphy.
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 121 Eds: Weissel, J.Peirce, J.Taylor, E.Alt, J. p. 77-123

Leckie,R.M.; Farnham,C.. and Schmidt,M.G.. (1993):
Oligocene planktonic foraminifer biostratigraphy of Hole 803D (Ontong Java Plateau) and Hole 628A (Little Bahama Bank), and comparison with the southern high latitudes.
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results: Ocean Drilling Program Vol. 130 Eds: Berger, W.H.Kroenke, L.W..and others p. 113-136

Chaisson,W.P. and Leckie,R.M. (1993):
High-Resolution Planktonic Foraminifer Biostratigraphy of Site 806, Ontong Java Plateau (Western Equatorial Pacific).
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 130 Eds: Berger, W.H.Kroenke, L.W..Mayer, L.A..et al. p. 137-178

Li,Q. and McGowran,B. (1996):
The Planktonic foraminifer Cassigerinella winniana (Howe) from southern Australia; Comments on its lineage recognition . Revista Espanola de Micropaleontologia Vol. 28 p. 97-103

Pearson,P.N.; Olsson,R.K.; Hemleben,C.; Huber,B.T. and Berggren,W.A. (2006):
Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera. p. 1-513
Anonymous: Unedited TaxonConcept data
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