Globigerinatheka kugleri Bolli et al. 1957 (TaxonConcept

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Species Globigerinatheka kugleri Bolli et al. 1957

Diagnosis / Definition:

Pearson et al. (2006):
DESCRIPTION. Type of wall: Spinose, cancellate with pores 0.04-0.05 mm in diameter. Test morphology: Test subtriangular in outline, rather lobate; 2-3 whorls; initial coil very tight, composed of an unknown number of very small globular chambers; second coil much looser with 4 globular chambers increasing gradually but rather rapidly in size as added; last coil consisting of 4 very rapidly enlarging globular chambers; the antepenultimate chamber is twice as large as the previous one and about half the size of the last formed chamber; sutures in the inner coil initially not visible, then straight and radial, rather depressed; primary aperture an umbilical low arch; two to three rather small arched secondary apertures at the base of the last chamber; primary and secondary apertures may be covered by small slightly inflated bullae. Size: Greatest diameter of holotype 0.44 mm, greatest thickness 0.47 mm; paratypes range from 0.36 to 0.47 mm in diameter.

Discussion / Comments:

Pearson et al. (2006):
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES.- Test subtriangular in outline, rather lobate, with three chambers in the outer whorl rapidly increasing in size as added, sutures depressed in the outer whorl; low arched primary and secondary sutural apertures that may be covered by slightly inflated bullae. G. kugleri differs from G. mexicana by the subtriangular outline, its distinct sutures and low arched apertures. DISCUSSION.- Bolli (1957) included a large specimen in G. kugleri, which Proto Decima and Bolli (1970) selected as the holotype of their new species G. curuyi. Bolli (1 972) considered G. kugleri as a subspecies of G. mexicana. According to him, G. kugleri differs from mexicana and barri in having larger, more globular chambers arranged in a loosely coiled initial spire, resulting in less compact shape. However, Bolli (1972) also included two specimens that have typical kugleri morphology (his pl. 2, figs. 15-16) in G. barri because of the presence of bullae. In disagreement with Bolli (1 972), we consider these two specimens as belonging to G. kugleri. In fact, G. kugleri differs from mexicana and barri in having a much less compact test, which is subtriangular in outline, becoming subglobular only because of bullae, more depressed sutures, a much looser coiling-mode and more rapidly enlarging globular chambers in the last whorl. It differs from G. curryi by its subtriangular and more lobate outline, shorter initial spire with less numerous chambers, and smaller size which never exceeds 0.5 mm. The specimen illustrated by Bronnimann (1952) in text-figs. 3d-f as G. barri was later included in G. kugleri (Globigerapsis) by Bolli and others (1957, p. 34), an attribution followed here, even though Bolli (1972) included the same specimen in G. mexicana mexicana, as suggested by Saito (1962). Some specimens identified by Blow (1979) as G. mexicana mexicana (pl. 198, figs. 2, 4-5) and G. mexicana howei (pl. 198, fig. 6) show a subtriangular test outline and the last two chambers are almost of the same size. Both these features are more typical of G. kugleri than of G. mexicana, whereas the specimen attributed to G. howei does not possess a bulla; consequently, they are all included under G. kugleri. Blow (1979) considered G. subconglobata as a junior synonym of G. kugleri (p. 8 19), but according to our researches, these two species are discrete, separate taxa. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIP.- According to Bolli (1972), G. kugleri is related to the G. mexicana group, but this relationship is not fully proved. On the other hand, Blow (1979) considered G. kugleri as the ancestral member of the lineage evolving to beckmanni via G. curyi and G. euganea in the middle Eocene, a hypothesis followed here. Blow (1979) also suggested that G. kugleri is linked through transitional forms to G. index. However, the specimens representing the so-called transitions (Blow, 1979, pl. 174, figs. 7-8) do not support Blow's view. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.- Tropical to temperate regions. STABLE ISOTOPE PALEOBIOL0GY.- Boersma and others (1987) recorded relatively negative ò18O for this species from DSDP Sites 357 and 548, indicating a shallow planktonic habitat. This is supported by boron isotopic data (Pearson and Palmer, 1999).

Systematics:

35
Ordo Foraminiferida
  Superfamilia Globigerinaceae
   Familia Globigerinidae
    Genus Globigerinatheka
     Species Globigerinatheka kugleri

Synonym list:

Pearson et al. (2006):

1952 Globigerinatheka barri Brönnimann. - Brönnimann : text-fig. 3d-f [upper Eocene, Mount Moriah, Trinidad]. [Not Brönnimann, 1952]

1957 Globigerapsis kugleri Bolli et al.. - Bolli et al. : p. 34-35 pl. 6; fig. 6a-c [partim; Eocene Globigerinatheka barri Zone, Navet Fm., Penitence Hill marl, from a block in the Oligocene Nariva Fm., Pointe-a-Pierre, Trinidad]

non 1957 Globigerapsis kugleri Bolli et al.. - Bolli : pl. 36; fig. 21a, b (= holotype of G. curryi)

1959 Globigerina mexicana Cushman. - Mallory : pl. 22; fig. 9a-c [fide Bolli, 1972]; [Not Cushman, 1925]

1962 Globigerapsis index Finlay. - Blow & Banner : pl. 15; fig. H [middle Eocene, Kilwa district, Tankanyika]; [Not Finlay, 1939]

1970 Globigerapsis kugleri Bolli et al.. - Samanta : pl. 2; fig. 11-13 [middle Eocene Orbulinoides beckmanni Zone, Lakhpat, Cutch, India].- Postuma, 1971: 138, figs. on p. 139 [Trinidad]

1970 Globigerinatheka kugleri Bolli et al.. - Proto Decima & Bolli : p.889 (after Bolli and others, 1957)

1972 Globigerinatheka mexicana barri Brönnimann. - Bolli : pl. 2; fig. 15, 16 (bullate kugleri); [middle Eocene Orbulinoides beckmanni Zone, Navet Fm., Pointe-a- Pierre, Trinidad]; [Not Brönnimann, 1952]

1972 Globigerinatheka mexicana kugleri Bolli et al.. - Bolli : p. 128-129 pl. 2; fig. 6-7 [middle Eocene Orbulinoides beckmanni Zone, Navet Fm., Trinidad]

1972 Globigerinatheka mexicana mexicana Cushman. - Bolli : p.129 pl. 2; fig. 3, 5 [middle Eocene Orbulinoides beckmanni Zone, Navet Fm., Point-á-Pierre, Trinidad]

1975 Globigerinatheka kugleri Bolli et al.. - Stainforth et al. : fig. 59.1a-c (refigured holotype); fig. 59.2-3 [middle Eocene Orbulinoides beckmanni Zone, Navet Fm., Trinidad]

? 1975 Globigerinatheka mexicana Cushman. - Stainforth et al. : fig. 67.6 (from Bolli, 1972); [Not Cushman, 1925]

1979 Globigerapsis kugleri kugleri Bolli et al.. - Blow : pl. 175, fig. 1, ?fig. 2 [middle Eocene Zone P l l, Kilwa area, Tanzania]; pl. 181, fig. 2, 4 (not figs. 3, 5, and 6) [middle Eocene Zone P1 1, DSDP Hole 21A, Rio Grande Rise, South Atlantic Ocean].

1979 Porticulasphaera mexicana mexicana Cushman. - Blow : pl. 198; fig. 2, 4-5 [middle Eocene Zone P13, Kilwa area, Tanzania]; [Not Cushman, 1925]

1979 Porticulasphaera mexicana howei Blow & Banner. - Blow : pl. 198; fig. 6 [middle Eocene Zone P13, Kilwa area, Tanzania]; [Not Blow and Banner, 1962]

non 1979 Globigerapsis kugleri Bolli et al.. - Blow : pl. 181; fig. 3 [middle Eocene Zone P1 1, DSDP Hole 21A, South Atlantic Ocean]; (= G. korotkovi)

1983 Globigerinatheka mexicana kugleri Bolli et al.. - Toumarkine : pl. 20; fig. 18-19 (from Bolli, 1972), fig. 20-22 [middle Eocene Orbulinoides beckmanni Zone, Navet Fm., Pointe-á-Pierre, Trinidad]

? 1983 Globigerinatheka kugleri Bolli et al.. - Pujol : pl. 7; fig. 4 [middle Eocene Zone PI 1-13, DSDP Hole 5 16F, Rio Grande Rise, South Atlantic Ocean]

1983 Globigerinatheka mexicana mexicana Cushman. - Toumarkine : pl. 20; fig. 33 (from Bolli, 1972), ?fig. 35 [middle Eocene, Bou Arada, Tunisia]. [Not Cushman, 1925]

1983 Globigerinatheka subconglobata subconglobata Shutskaya. - Toumarkine : pl. 21; fig. 16 [middle Eocene, Beni Mazar, Nile Valley, Egypt]; [Not Shutskaya, 1958]

2003 Globigerinatheka mexicana kugleri Bolli et al.. - Warraich & Nishi : pl. 2; fig. 15a-b [middle Eocene Zone P12, Rakhi Nala Section, Sulaiman Range, Indus Basin, Pakistan]

2006 Globigerinatheka kugleri Bolli et al.. - Pearson et al. : p.193 pl. 7.7; fig. 1-16 (Pl. 7.7, Figs. 1,2: new SEMs of holotype of Globigerapsis kugleri Bolli, Loeblich and Tappan)

Specimen:

Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., Inventory number: USNM 4220

References:

Brönnimann,P. (1952):
Globigerinoita and Globigerinatheka, new genera from the Tertiary of Trinidad, B.W.I. . Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research Vol. 3 p. 25-28

Bolli,H.M.; Loeblich,A.R. and Tappan,H. (1957):
The Planktonic foraminiferal families Hantkeninidae, Orbulinidae, Globorotaliidae, and Globotruncanidae . U.S. National Museum Bull. Vol. 215 p. 3-50

Bolli,H.M. (1957):
Planktonic Foraminifera from the Eocene Navet and San Fernando formations of Trinidad, B.W.I. . Bull. U.S. natl. Mus. Vol. 215 p. 155-172

Mallory,V.S. (1959):
Lower Tertiary Biostratigraphy of the California Coast Ranges. p. 146

Blow,W.H. and Banner,F.T. (1962):
The Mid-Tertiary (Upper Eocene to Aquitanian) Globigerinaceae.
In: Fundamentals of Mid‑Tertiary Stratigraphical Correlation Eds: Eames, F.E.Banner, F.T.Blow, W.H.Clarke, W.J. p. 61‑151

Samanta,B.K. (1970):
Middle Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera from Lakhpat, Cutch, Western India . Micropaleontology Vol. 16

Proto Decima,F. and Bolli,H.M. (1970):
Evolution and variability of Orbulinoides beckmanni (Saito) . Ecoglae geologicae Helvetiae Vol. 63 p. 883-905

Bolli,H.M. (1972):
The Genus Globigerinatheka Brönnimann . Journal of Foraminiferal Research Vol. 2 p. 109-136

Stainforth,R.M.; Lamb,J.L.; Luterbacher,H.P.; Beard,J.H. and Jeffords,R.M. (1975):
Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal zonation and characteristics of index forms . Paleontological ContributionsArticle 62 p. 425

Blow,W.H. (1979):
The Cainozoic Globigerinida. 3 Vols p. 1413 pp

Toumarkine,M. (1983):
Les Foraminiferes planctoniques de l'Eocéne moyen et supérieur des regions tropicales à temperées chaudes.
In: Thése de Doctorat d'Etat ès Sciences Vol. 6(83-05) p. 219

Pujol,C. (1983):
Cenozoic Planktonic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of the Southwestern Atlantic (Rio Grande Rise): Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 72.
In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 72 Eds: Barker, P.F.Johnson, D.A. p. 623-673

Warraich,M.Y.. and Nishi,H.. (2003):
Eocene planktic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Sulaiman range, Indus Basin, Pakistan . Journal of Foraminiferal Research Vol. 33 p. 219-236

Pearson,P.N.; Olsson,R.K.; Hemleben,C.; Huber,B.T. and Berggren,W.A. (2006):
Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera. p. 1-513

Anonymous: Unedited TaxonConcept data

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