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Species Pseudohastigerina micra Cole 1927


Diagnosis / Definition:
Pearson et al. (2006):
DESCRIPTION.- Type of wall: Smooth, normal perforate. Test morphology: Test planispiral, compressed, tightly coiled, involute, circular to oval in outline, chambers globular; in spiral view 6-7 chambers in ultimate whorl, increasing slowly in size, sutures slightly depressed, straight, may be gently curved between ultimate chambers, umbilicus small, circular in shape, generally only apertural lip of ultimate chamber visible; in edge view, primary aperture equatorial, symmetric, a circular high arch bordered by a narrow lip, bipartite apertures sometimes present on ultimate chamber, test compressed with a rounded to slightly acute periphery; chambers globular. Size: Maximum diameter of holotype 0.17 mm, thickness 0.09 mm.
Discussion / Comments:
Toumarkine & Luterbacher (1985):
This planispiral, biumbilicate, rather small species (0.2 to 0.4 mm) differs from its ancestral form P. wilcoxensis in being more laterally compressed. During the late Early Eocene and the early Middle Eocene both species occur together with transitional forms. The periphery of P. micro is generally rounded but becomes subacute in larger specimens. P. micro is larger than P. naguewichiensis and has less chambers in the last whorl (5 to 7 instead of 6 to 8). We include P. danvillensis (Fig. 21.9) in the range of variability of P. micro. P. micra has a worldwide distribution. This apparently fragile species is in fact very resistant to bad ecologic conditions and may be a dominant species in high latitude assemblages and in Early Oligocene assemblages of the Alps and Eastern Europe.
Bolli (1957):
With the exception of the Globorotalia palmerae zone, Hastigerina micra (Cole) occurs through¬ out the Navet and San Fernando formations but does not continue into the Oligocene Miocene Cipero formation. Glaessner (1937) changed the generic status of this species to Globigerinella which is now regarded as a junior synonym of Hastigerina (Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, 1957, p. 29).
Van Eijden & Smit (1991):
Remarks. P. micra is usually rare in the middle and upper Eocene, and very rare in the lower Oligocene.
Spezzaferri & Silva (1990):
The specimen illustrated is from Late Eocene Core 14-CC. The Oligocene forms display the same small size as the other pseudohastigerinids.
Pearson et al. (2006):
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES.- This species is characterized by its small compressed test, which is nearly circular in outline, globular chambers, straight sutures, and rounded periphery in edge view. Bipartite apertures are a frequent feature. The aperture, whether single or paired, is a high circular arch, bordered by a narrow, well-developed lip. DISCUSSION.- Pseudohastigerina danvillensis (Howe and Wallace) was described from the Jackson Formation at Danville Landing on the Ouachita River, Lousiana. The Jackson Formation at this locality can be placed in Zone E15-16 based on the occurrence of Cribrohantkenina inflata (Howe). Blow (1979) recognized P. danvillensis, which has been treated as a junior synonym of Pseudohastigerina micra (Cole), as a valid species distinguishable from P micra. Although he stated that he had examined type material from Danville Landing given to him by Ruth Todd, he did not illustrate any specimens from this locality. Most of the specimens he illustrated by SEM were from Zone E8 in deep-sea piston core KANE 9-Core 42 from the Endeavour Seamount, equatorial Atlantic Ocean. He illustrated other specimens that he identified as P. danvillensis from Zones E9 and E16 from localities in Tanzania. Blow emphasized that P. danvillensis could be separated from P. micra on the basis of a more chambers, ovoid or ogival-shaped chambers in edge view, and recurved sutures. However, the holotype of P. danvillensis (Pl. 14.3, Figs. 13, 14) has rounded, inflated chambers as does the holotype of P micra (Pl. 14.3, Figs. 11, 12) and the ultimate chamber of the P. micra holotype is more ovoid in appearance. Furthermore, the topotype of P. micra figured in Blow 1979, pl. 253, fig. 7) is nearly identical top danvillensis holotype (PI. 14.3, Figs. 13, 14) and the two holotypes of these species are similar in umbilical view (compare Pl. 14.3: Figs. 11 and 13) except for the ultimate chambers which differ slightly in their dimensions. The sutures in both holotypes are depressed and radial between earlier chambers of the final whorl and are slightly curved distally between the ultimate and penultimate chambers. The ultimate chamber of P. danvillensis holotype has bipartite apertures, a characteristic feature seen in populations of P. micra, although, curiously, the bipartite apertures are situated below a single arched thickened lip. Thus, Blow's criteria for separating these two species cannot be applied to the two holotypes and P danvillensis is placed as a junior synonym of P. micra. Pseudohastigerina acutimarginata, P. pellucida, and P. quadrata were described by Abdel-Kareem (1979) from the middle Eocene of Egypt. The three species are considered junior synonyms of P. micra as they show the range of morphologic variability observed in this species. Pseudohastigerina sharkriverensis Berggren and Olsson figured by Warraich and Ogasawara (2001, figs. 16, 18, 19) does not exhibit the quadrate outline of P. sharkriverensis and is regarded here as P micra. It is from the same sample as the specimen identified by them as P. micra (their figs. 16, 18, 19). PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS.- Pseudo-hastigerina micra evolved from Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis by a reduction in size of the test, by a reduction in rate of increase in the size of chambers, and by an increase in number of chambers in the final whorl. STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE.- Zone E7 to lower Zone O1. Extinction level not yet determined. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.- Global in low to high latitudes. STABLE ISOTOPE PALEOBIOL0GY.- Usually registers among the most negative ò18O values of assemblages, indicating a shallow water habitat. However carbon isotope are strongly depleted with respect to the surface dwelling muricate species, suggesting a different carbon metabolism from other surface dwellers (Poore and Matthews, 1984; Boersma and others, 1987; Pearson and others, 200 1).
Quilty (1976):
Remarks: Most specimens recorded are typical but the specimens in 321-8,CC (PI9) have laterally compressed chambers, overhanging the previous whorl. The specimen is virtually identical with Blow's (1969), pl. 53, fig. 4.
Systematics:

15
 Classis Foraminifera
  Genus Pseudohastigerina
   Species Pseudohastigerina micra

22

32
 Ordo Foraminiferida
  Familia Hantkeninidae
   Genus Pseudohastigerina
    Species Pseudohastigerina micra

35
  Ordo Foraminiferida
   Superfamilia Globigerinaceae
    Familia Hedbergellidae
     Genus Pseudohastigerina
      Species Pseudohastigerina micra
Synonym list:
Toumarkine & Luterbacher (1985):
1927 Nonion micrus Cole. - Cole : p.22 pl 5 fig 12
1932 Nonion danvillensis Howe & Wallace. - Howe & Wallace : p.51 pl 9 figs 3a-b
1985 Pseudohastigerina micra Cole. - Toumarkine & Luterbacher : p.119 figs 21.1-8
Van Eijden & Smit (1991):
1927 Nonion micrus Cole. - Cole : p.22 pl. 5, fig. 12
1991 Pseudohastigerina micra Cole. - Van Eijden & Smit : p.115
Spezzaferri & Silva (1990):
1927 Nonion micrus Cole. - Cole :
1979 Nonion micrus Cole. - Blow : pl. 253; fig. 1-9
1990 Pseudohastigerina micra Cole. - Spezzaferri & Silva : p.255 pl. XIV; fig. 4a-b
Pearson et al. (2006):
1927 Nonion micrus Cole. - Cole : p.22 pl. 5; fig. 12 [middle Eocene Zone P12, Guayabal Fm., Tampico, Mexico]
1932 Nonion danvillensis Howe & Wallace. - Howe & Wallace : p.51 pl. 9; fig. 3a-b [upper Eocene Zone P16, Jackson Fm., Danville Landing, Ouachita River, Lousiana]
1940 Nonion iota Finlay. - Finlay : p.456 pl. 65; fig. 108-110 [middle Eocene Bortonian Stage, McKay's marly clay, South Island, New Zealand]
p 1953 Globigerinella micra Cole. - Subbotina : p.122 pl. 13; fig. 16a-b, 17 (not fig. 18a-b =Pseudohastigerina naguewichiensis); [fig. 16, upper Eocene zone of thin-walled pelagic foraminifera, northern Caucasus; fig. 17, upper Eocene Lagenid zone, Kiev stage, Stalingrad region]
p 1957 Hastigerina micra Cole. - Bolli : p.161 pl. 35; fig. 2a-b (not pl. 35: fig. 1a-b.); [middle Eocene Porticulasphaera mexicana Zone, Navet Fm., Trinidad]
1967 Pseudohastigerina micra Cole. - Berggren et al. : p.275 text-fig. 9 [middle Eocene Zone P12, type locality, Guayabal Fm., Mexico]
1971 Globanomalina micra Cole. - Jenkins : p.78 pl. 2; fig. 50-54 (fig. 50, 51, reillustration of holotype of Nonion iota Finlay; fig. 52-54, illustration of paratype of Nonion iota Finlay)
1972 Pseudohastigerina cf. micra Cole. - McKeel & Lipps : p.83 pl. 1; fig. 6a, b [middle Eocene, Tyee Fm., Coast Range, Oregon]
1975 Pseudohastigerina micra Cole. - Toumarkine & Bolli : p.82 pl. 1; fig. 1, 2 [upper Eocene Turborotalia cerroazulensis s.l. Zone, Possagno, Italy]
1975 Pseudohastigerina cf. micra Cole. - McKeel & Lipps : p.261 pl. 2; fig. 7a, b [middle Eocene, Tyee Fm., Coast Range, Oregon]
p 1979 Pseudohastigerina micra Cole. - Blow : p.1185 pl. 166, fig. 11 [middle Eocene Zone P 11, Kilwa Area, Tanzania, East Africa]; pl. 198, fig. 8,9 [middle Eocene Zone P13, Kilwa Area, Tanzania, sample RS. 311]; pl. 253, fig. 7-9 [middle Eocene Zone P12, type locality, Guayabal Fm., Mexico] (not pl. 198: figs. 1-6 = aff. Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis)
1979 Pseudohastigerina acutimarginata Abdel-Kireem. - Abdel-Kireem : p.66 pl. 1; fig. 1a-c [middle Eocene, Mokattam Fm., Gebel Mokattam area, E1 Darasah, Cairo, Egypt]
1979 Pseudohastigerina pellucida Abdel-Kireem. - Abdel-Kireem : p.67 pl. 1; fig. 2a-c [middle Eocene, El Mishigeiga limestone Member, Wadi Rayan Fm., Fayoum Province, Egypt]
1979 Pseudohastigerina quadrata Abdel-Kireem. - Abdel-Kireem : p.68 pl. 1; fig. 3a, b [middle Eocene, Mokattam Fm., Gebel Mokattam area, El Darasah, Cairo, Egypt]
1983 Pseudohastigerina micra Cole. - Krasheninnikov & Basov : p.841 pl. 9; fig. 8-10 [middle Eocene, DSDP Site 5 12, Maurice Ewing Bank, South Atlantic Ocean]
p 1985 Pseudohastigerina micra Cole. - Toumarkine & Luterbacher : p.118 fig. 21.1 (holotype reillustrated); fig. 21.2a-b (reillustration of Bolli, 1957, pl. 35, fig. 1a-b); fig. 21.3, 4 (reillustration of Toumarkine and Bolli, 1975, pl. l, figs. 1, 2); fig. 21.5, 6 (reillustration from literature) (not fig. 21.7, 8); [middle Eocene, El Midawarah Fm., Fayoum Area, Egypt]
1994 Pseudohastigerina micra Cole. - Nishi & Chaproniere : p.259 pl. 1; fig. 24-27 [upper Eocene ODP Hole 841B, Tonga Trench, South Pacific Ocean]
2001 Pseudohastigerina micra Cole. - Warraich & Ogasawara : p.51 fig. 16.16, 17 [Zone E10-12, Kirthar Fm., Sulaiman Range, Pakistan]
2001 Pseudohastigerina sharkriverensis Berggren & Olsson. - Warraich & Ogasawara : p.51 fig. 16, 18, 19 [Zone E10-12, Kirthar Fm., Sulaiman Range, Pakistan]; [Not Berggren and Olsson, 1967]
2004 Pseudohastigerina micra Cole. - Pearson et al. : p.36 pl. 1; fig. 11 [middle Eocene Zone E9, Tanzania]
2006 Pseudohastigerina micra Cole. - Pearson et al. : p.425 pl. 14.3; fig. 11-24 (Pl. 14.3, Figs. 11, 12: new SEMs of holotype of Nonion micrus Cole)
Quilty (1976):
1927 Pseudohastigerina micra Cole. - Cole : p.22 pl. 5, fig. 12
1937 Pseudohastigerina micra Cole. - Glaessner : p.30 text-fig. 2
1959 Pseudohastigerina micra Cole. - Banner & Blow : p.19 pl. 3, figs. 6a-b
1976 Pseudohastigerina micra Cole. - Quilty : p.703 pl. 19, fig. 6
Was used in synonym list of:
Planoglobanomalina pseudoalgeriana Olsson & Hemleben 2006
Specimen:
Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., Inventory number: USNM CC243208
References:

Cole,W.S. (1927):
A foraminiferal fauna from the Guabal Formation in Mexico . Bulletins of American paleontology Vol. 14 p. 1-46

Howe,H.V. and Wallace,W.E. (1932):
Foraminifera of the Jackson Eocene at Danville Landing on the Ouachita, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana . Bull. Louisiana Dept. Conservation Geol. Vol. 2 p. 18-79

Glaessner,M.F. (1937):
Planktonische Foraminiferen aus der Kreide und dem Eozän und ihre stratigraphische Bedeutung.
In: Studies in Micropaleontology Vol. 1(1) p. 27-46

Finlay,H.J. (1940):
New Zealand Foraminifera; key species in stratigraphy . Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand Vol. 69

Subbotina,N.N. (1953):
Iskopaemye foraminifery SSSR (Globigerinidy, Khantkenininidy i Globorotaliidy) . Trudy Vsesoyznogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Geologo-razvedochnogo Instituta (VNIGRI) Vol. 76 p. 296

Bolli,H.M. (1957):
Planktonic Foraminifera from the Eocene Navet and San Fernando formations of Trinidad, B.W.I. . Bull. U.S. natl. Mus. Vol. 215 p. 155-172

Banner,F.T. and Blow,W.H. (1959):
The classification and stratigraphical distribution of the Globigerinaceae . Paleontology Vol. 1(2) p. 1-27

Berggren,W.A.; Olsson,R.K. and Reyment,R.A. (1967):
Origin and Development of the Foraminiferal Genus Pseudohastigerina Banner and Blow, 1959 . Micropaleontology Vol. 13 p. 265-288

Jenkins,D.G. (1971):
New Zealand Cenozoic Planktonic Foraminifera . New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin Vol. 42

McKeel,D.R.. and Lipps,J.H. (1972):
Calcareous plankton from the Tertiary of Oregon . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology Vol. 12 p. 75-93

Toumarkine,M. and Bolli,H.M. (1975):
Foraminifères planctoniques de l'Eocène moyen et supérieur de la coupe de Possagno . Schweizerische Paläontologische Abhandlungen Vol. 97 p. 69-185

McKeel,D.R.. and Lipps,J.H. (1975):
Eocene and Oligocene planktonic foraminifera from the central and southern Oregon coast range . Journal of Foraminiferal Research Vol. 5 p. 1-5

Quilty,P.G.. (1976):
Planctonic foraminifera DSDP Leg 34- Nazca Plata . DSDP initial reports Vol. 34

Abdel-Kireem,M.R.. (1979):
Three new species of Pseudohastigerina Banner and Blow from the Middle Eocene of Egypt . Revista Espanola de Micropaleontologia Vol. 11 p. 65-70

Blow,W.H. (1979):
The Cainozoic Globigerinida. 3 Vols p. 1413 pp

Krasheninnikov,V.A. and Basov,I.A. (1983):
Cenozoic planktonic foraminifers of the Falkland Plateau and Argentine Basin, Deep Sea Drilling Projejt Leg 71.
In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 71 Eds: Ludwig, W.J.Krasheninninov, V.A. p. 821-845

Toumarkine,M. and Luterbacher,H.P. (1985):
Paleocene and Eocene Planktic Foraminifera.
In: Plankton Stratigraphy p. 87-154

Spezzaferri,S. and Silva,I.S.. (1990):
Oligocene planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoclimatic interpretation from Hole 538A, DSDP Leg 77, Gulf of Mexico . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology Vol. 83 p. 217-263

Van Eijden,A.J.M. and Smit,J. (1991):
Eastern Indian Ocean Cretaceous and Paleogene quantitative biostratigraphy.
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 121 Eds: Weissel, J.Peirce, J.Taylor, E.Alt, J. p. 77-123

Nishi,H.. and Chaproniere,G.C.H. (1994):
Eocene-Oligocene subtropical planktonic foraminifers at Site 841.
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 135 Eds: Hawkins, J..Parson, L..Allan, J..others p. 245-266

Warraich,M.Y.. and Ogasawara,K.. (2001):
Tethyan Paleocene-Eocene planktic foraminifera from the Rakhi Nala and Zinda Pir land sections of the Sulaiman Range, Pakistan . Science Reports of the Institute of Geoscience University of Tsukuba, section B Vol. 22 p. 1-59

Pearson,P.N.; Nicholas,C.J..; Singano,J.M..; Bown,P.R..; Coxali,H.K..; van Dongen,B.E..; Huber,B.T.; Karega,A..; Lees,J.A..; Misaky,E..; Pancost,R.D..; Pearson,M.. and Roberts,A.P.. (2004):
Paleogene and Cretaceous sediment cores from the Kilwa and Lindi areas of coastal Tanzania: Tanzania Drilling Project Sites 1-5 . Journal of African Earth Sciences Vol. 39 p. 25-62

Pearson,P.N.; Olsson,R.K.; Hemleben,C.; Huber,B.T. and Berggren,W.A. (2006):
Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera. p. 1-513
Anonymous: Unedited TaxonConcept data
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