Acarinina wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton 1932 (TaxonConcept

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Species Acarinina wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton 1932

Diagnosis / Definition:

Pearson et al. (2006):
DESCRIPTION. Type of wall: Densely muricate (both sides), normal perforate, nonspinose. Test morphology: Plano-convex, elongate-oval, equatorial outline moderately lobulate; chambers subangular to low conical, inflated on umbilical side; 4 chambers in final whorl, increasing rapidly in size; sutures depressed, radial, weakly curved; umbilicus narrow, deep; aperture an umbilical-extraumbilical arch, bordered by thin lip, extending almost to peripheral margin; on spiral side about 10- 12 chambers in 2 1/2-3 whorls; chambers, lens-shaped to semi-circular, increasing rapidly in size and overlapping previous chambers; intercameral sutures depressed, curved; sutural openings (apparently caused by secondary calcification over the projecting edges of previously calcified chamber margins) present on well-preserved individuals, often obscured by thickened, hollow muricae; muricae tend to concentrate along peripheral margin but test remains non-carinate; in edge view test is planoconvex; profile of early chambers rounded, with flattening of ante- andlor penultimate chamber resulting in subacute margin; peripheral margin distinctly muricate but not carinate. Size: Maximum diameter of holotype 0.38 mm, thickness: 0.22 mm.

Discussion / Comments:

Van Eijden & Smit (1991):
Remarks. Specimens clearly referable to this species are common (27%) only in Sample 121-752A-13X-3, 110-115 cm.
Pearson et al. (2006):
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES.- This taxon is distinguished by its (sub)quadrate, 4-chambered (in the final whorl), planoconvex, distinctly muricate, test with subrounded to (later) subacute axial outline. DISCUSSION.- This taxon, described originally from the Bashi Formation (Zone P6a) of the U.S. Gulf Coast, is the stem form of the early Eocene radiation of the pseudotopilensis-quetra group. Berggren (l 960a, 1968) considered that wilcoxensis evolved from the late Paleocene form Acarinina esnaensis (LeRoy), itself a senior synonym of Acarinina intermedia Subbotina, a view maintained here, while Blow (1979, p. 965) considered esnaensis a junior synonym of wilcoxensis. Acarinina esnaensis (and A. intermedia) were originally described from stratigraphic levels withidcorrelative to Zone P4, not the lower Eocene as implied by Blow (1 979). Acarinina wilcoxensis may be differentiated from the morphologically similar esnaensis/intermedia by its larger size, more elongate/oval shaped test and more acute axial periphery. Admittedly the holotype individuals of esnaensis and wilcoxensis (see Plates 9.1 1 and 9.23 of this paper) are markedly similar. However, the species concept of this taxon is based on a broader consideration of the variation exhibited by individuals from levels within Zone E3-4. The illustration of Bolli (1957a, pl. 7-9) of wilcoxensis may be taken as exemplary and demonstrates the (predominantly) subquadrate, somewhat more anguloconical character of wilcoxensis; esnuensis generally is more elongate and has a subrounded periphery in edge view. Acarinina wilcoxensis berggreni (El Naggar) was described from Zone P5 in Egypt and said to differ from esnaensis in its "compressed test, smaller size, fewer chambers in the last whorl, subrounded to subacute periphery, much narrower umbilicus and peculiar aperture". Blow (1979, p. 968-970) considered berggreni to be characterized by having distinctly flattened terminal chamber(s) on the spiral side, axially subangulate periphery in terminal chamber(s), and peripheral concentration (but not fusion) of muricae and to represent a transition to/morphologic link between wilcoxensis sensu stricto and quetra (with its disjunct, laterally angulate chambers). Blow (1979, p. 968) included Bolli's (1957a) illustration of wilcoxensis (with subacute periphery) in berggreni, thus providing a clear illustration of his concept of the taxon. Blow (1 979) indicated that wilcoxensis appeared only ma$ginally earlierllower (mid- Zone P6, = basal Zone E3) than berggreni (base Zone P7, = upper part of Zone E3), although El Naggar (1 966, p. 201) indicated that the first appearance of berggreni overlapped with the terminal part of the range of Globorotalia velascoensis (i.e., within the Zone El-E2 interval). Stott and Kennett (1990, p. 560), on the other hand, distinguished wilcoxensis and berggreni in Maud Rise (Subantarctic) assemblages, but viewed wilcoxensis as the morphotype with greater axial angularity and flattened spiral surface (Blow, 1979). The morphologic differences between these two forms are viewed as those of degree not kind and berggreni is included in the synonymy of wilcoxensis here. PHYLOGENETTC RELATIONSHIPS.- Evolved from Acarinina esnaensis and is the ancestor of the Acarinina pseudotopilensis-quetra group. STRATIGRAPHlC RANGE.- Uppermost Zone P5 (just below the PETM event) to Zone E5. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.- Widely distributed in (sub)tropical areas (Caribbean, Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, TethyanIMediterranean province); present also in austral areas of the South Atlantic (Maud Rise) and Indian Ocean (Kerguelen Plateau). STABLE ISOTOPE PALEOBTOL0GY.- No data available.

Systematics:

32
Familia Globorotaliidae
  Genus Acarinina
   Species Acarinina wilcoxensis

35
  Ordo Foraminiferida
   Superfamilia Globigerinaceae
    Familia Truncorotaloididae
     Genus Acarinina
      Species Acarinina wilcoxensis

Synonym list:

Van Eijden & Smit (1991):

1932 Globorotalia wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Cushman & Ponton : p.71 pl. 9, figs. 10a-c

1991 Acarinina wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Van Eijden & Smit : p.122 pl. 4, fig. 7

Pearson et al. (2006):

1932 Globorotalia wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Cushman & Ponton : p.71 pl. 9; fig. 10a-c [lower Eocene Bashi Fm., Hatchetigbee Group, Alabama]

1944 Globorotalia wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Cushman : p.15 pl. 2; fig. 14, 15a, b [Bashi Fm., Hatchetigbee Group, Alabama]

1953 Globorotalia wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Hamilton : p. 231, 232 pl. 2; fig. 7 [lower Eocene, mid-Pacific guyots]

1955 Globorotalia wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Weiss : p.19 pl. 6; fig. 7-9 [lower Eocene, Pale Greda Fm., north-west Peru]

1957 Globorotalia wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Bolli : p.79 pl. 19; fig. 7-9 [lower Eocene, Globorotalia rex Zone, lower Lizard Springs Fm., Trinidad]

1960 Globorotalia wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Berggren : p. 97-100 pl. 13; fig. 3a-4c [lower Eocene, Rosnaes Clay Fm., Rogle Klint, Denmark]

1963 Truncorotalia? wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Gohrbrandt : p. 64, 65 pl. 4; fig. 1-3 [Zone F, North of Salzburg, Austria]

1966 Globorotalia wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - El-Naggar : p.250 pl. 23; fig. 5a-c [Globorotalia velascoensis Zone, Upper Owaina Shale Fm., Egypt]

1966 Globorotalia berggreni El Naggar. - El-Naggar : p. 200, 201 pl. 23; fig. 7a-c [upper Paleocene Globorotalia velascoensis Zone, Upper Owaina Shale Fm., Gebel Owaina, Egypt]

1968 Truncorotalia (Acarinina) wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - McGowran : pl. 3; fig. 1 [Bashi Marl Member, Hatchetigbee Fm., Ozark Alabama]

1971 Globorotalia wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Postuma : p.220 fig. on p. 221 [lower Eocene Bashi Fm., Hatchetigbee Group, Alabama]

1971 Truncorotalia wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Steineck : text-fig. 5 [lower Eocene, California]

1971 Acarinina wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Berggren : pl. 5; fig. 4, 5 [Zone P6, DSDP Site 20C, South Atlantic Ocean]

1975 Globorotalia wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Stainforth et al. : p.243 text-fig. 98.1 (refigured), 98.2-5 [lower Eocene Globorotalia formosa Zone, Lodo Fm., California]

1977 Acarinina wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Tjalsma : p.496 pl. 3; fig. 12 [lower Eocene Zone P6, DSDP Site 36, South Atantic Ocean]

1977 Acarinina wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Berggren : p. 250, 251 chart-no. 10 (literature illustrations refigured)

1979 Globorotalia (Acarinina) wilcoxensis wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Blow : p. 964-968 pl. 112, fig. 4, 5 [lower Eocene Zone P7 = Zone E3 of this paper, type locality of Bashi Fm., Alabama]; pl. 113, fig. 7-9; pl. 114, fig. 1 and 6; pl. 200, fig. 1-5 [lower Eocene Zone P7, Kilwa area, Tanzania]; pl. 122, fig. 1, 2; pl. 199, fig. 5,6 [lower Eocene Zone P7 =Zone E3 of this paper, Shatsky Rise, north-west Pacific Ocean]; pl. 132, fig. 4 [lower Eocenc Zone P8b, DSDP Site 47, Shatsky Rise, north-west Pacific Ocean]; pl. 140, fig. 5-8 [lower Eocene Zone PSb, DSDP Hole 20C, South Atlantic Ocean]

1979 Globorotalia (Acarinina) wilcoxensis berggreni El Naggar. - Blow : p. 968-970 pl. 112, fig. 6 and 7 [lower Eocene Zone P7, Bashi Fm.,Alabama]; pl. 114, fig. 7,9 and 10; pl. 115, fig. 1,2 [lower Eocene Zone P7, Kilwa area, Tanzania, East Africa]; pl. 122, fig. 3, 5 and 6; pl. 123, fig. 1; pl. 132, fig. 5 [lower Eocene Zone P7, DSDP Site 47, Shatsky Rise, north-west Pacific Ocean]

1985 Morozovella wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Snyder & Waters : p.446 pl. 10; fig. 3-5 [lower Eocene Zone P6, DSDP Site 549, north-east Atlantic Ocean]

1990 Acarinina wilcoxensis berggreni El Naggar. - Stott & Kennett : p.560 pl. 4; fig. 5, 6 [lower Eocene Zone AP6, ODP Hole 689B, Maud Rise, South Atlantic Ocean; shown as Zone AP 8 in figure 2]

1993 Acarinina wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Lu & Keller : p.102 pl. 2; fig. 14, 15 [lower Eocene Zone P6, DSDP Site 577, Shatsky Rise, north-west Pacific Ocean]

2001 Acarinina wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Warraich & Ogasawara : p.33 fig. 8.4-6 [Zone P5, Dungan Fm., Sulaiman Range, Pakistan]

2006 Acarinina wilcoxensis Cushman & Ponton. - Pearson et al. : p.317 pl. 9.23; fig. 1-16 (Pl. 9.23, Figs. 1-3: new SEMs of holotype of Globorotalia wilcoxensis Cushman and Ponton)

Specimen:

Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., Inventory number: USNM CC 16232

References:

Cushman,J.A. and Ponton,G.M. (1932):
An Eocene foraminiferal fauna of Wilcox age from Alabama . Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research Vol. 8 p. 51-72

Cushman,J.A. (1944):
A Foraminiferal Fauna of the Wilcox Eocene, Bashi Formation, from near Yellow Bluff, Alabama . American Journal of Sciences Vol. 242 p. 7-18

Hamilton,E.L. (1953):
Upper Cretaceous, Tertiary and Recent planktonic foraminifera from MId-Pacific flat-topped seamounts . Journal of Paleontology Vol. 27(2) p. 204-237

Weiss,L. (1955):
Foraminifera from the Paleocene Pale Greda Formation of Peru . Journal of Paleontology Vol. 29 p. 1-21

Bolli,H.M. (1957):
The genera Globigerina and Globorotalia in the Paleocene-Lower Eocene Lizard Springs Formation of Trinidad, B.W.I . Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum Vol. 215 p. 61-82

Berggren,W.A. (1960):
Some planktonic Foraminifera from the Lower Eocene (Ypresian) of Denmark and northwestern Germany . Stockholm Contribution in Geology Vol. 5 p. 41-108

Gohrbrandt,K.H.A. (1963):
Zur Gliederung des Paleogen im Helvetikum nördlich von Salzburg nach planktonischen Foraminiferen . Geologische Gesellschaft Wien, Mitteilungen Vol. 56

El-Naggar,Z.R. (1966):
Stratigraphy and planktonic foraminifera of the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary succession in the Esna-Idfu Region, Nile Valley, Egypt, U.A.R. . Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. ser. Geol. Vol. 2 p. 1-291

McGowran,B. (1968):
Reclassificatiion of early Tertiary Globorotalia . Micropaleontology Vol. 14

Steineck,P.L.. (1971):
Phylogenetic reclassification of Paleocene planktonic foraminifera . Texas Journal of Science Vol. 23 p. 167-178

Berggren,W.A. (1971):
Paleogene Planktonic Foraminiferal Faunas on Legs I-IV (Atlantic Ocean), JOIDES Deep Sea Drilling Program- a Synthesis.
In: Proceedings of the II Planktonic Conference. Rome, Edizioni Tecnoscienza Vol. 1 Eds: Farinacci, A. p. 57-77

Postuma,J.A. (1971):
Manual of Planktonic Foraminifera. p. 422 pp

Stainforth,R.M.; Lamb,J.L.; Luterbacher,H.P.; Beard,J.H. and Jeffords,R.M. (1975):
Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal zonation and characteristics of index forms . Paleontological ContributionsArticle 62 p. 425

Tjalsma,R.C. (1977):
Cenozoic Foraminifera from the South Atlantic, DSDP Leg 36.
In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 36 p. 493-518

Berggren,W.A. (1977):
Atlas of Paleogene planktonic foraminifera. Some species of the genera Subbotina, Planorotalites, Morozovella, Acarinina and Truncorotaloides.
In: Oceanic Micropaleontology Eds: Ramsay, A.T.S. p. 205-299

Blow,W.H. (1979):
The Cainozoic Globigerinida. 3 Vols p. 1413 pp

Snyder,S.W. and Waters,V.J. (1985):
Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Goban Spur region.
In: Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 80

Stott,L.D. and Kennett,J.P. (1990):
Antarctic Paleogene planktonic foraminifer biostratigraphy: ODP Leg 113, Sites 689 and 690.
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program Vol. 113 p. 549-569

Van Eijden,A.J.M. and Smit,J. (1991):
Eastern Indian Ocean Cretaceous and Paleogene quantitative biostratigraphy.
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 121 Eds: Weissel, J.Peirce, J.Taylor, E.Alt, J. p. 77-123

Lu,G. and Keller,G. (1993):
The Paleocene-Eocene Transition in the Antarctic Indian Ocean: Inference from Planktic Foraminifera . Marine Micropaleontology Vol. 21 p. 101-142

Warraich,M.Y.. and Ogasawara,K.. (2001):
Tethyan Paleocene-Eocene planktic foraminifera from the Rakhi Nala and Zinda Pir land sections of the Sulaiman Range, Pakistan . Science Reports of the Institute of Geoscience University of Tsukuba, section B Vol. 22 p. 1-59

Pearson,P.N.; Olsson,R.K.; Hemleben,C.; Huber,B.T. and Berggren,W.A. (2006):
Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera. p. 1-513

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