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Species Globigerinatheka tropicalis Blow & Banner 1962


Diagnosis / Definition:
Pearson et al. (2006):
DESCRIPTION. Type of wall: Spinose, cancellate, with slightly funnelled pores, 0.045-0.05 mm in diameter. Test morphology: Test globose with a subrectangular to subtriangular, slightly lobate outline; 2-3 whorls, coiled initially in a low trochospire, sometimes depressed, composed of about 5 moderately inflated chambers increasing slowly in size as added, then streptospiral in the outer whorl; the last whorl consists of 3 strongly inflated large chambers increasing very rapidly in size with respect to the preceding chambers; penultimate chamber twice as large as the antepenultimate and last chamber constituting one-third to one-half of the entire test, sometimes slightly smaller than the penultimate; last chamber tends to cover most of the earlier surface on umbilical side; sutures distinct, weakly depressed, straight to gently curved in the inner whorls, depressed, straight and radial in the adult; in adult test primary aperture a moderately high to subcircular, medium-sized arch, umbilical at the base of the last chamber, sometimes bordered by a lip and covered by a bulla; two to three subcircular secondary apertures slightly smaller than the primary one located at the base of the last chamber at the junctions of earlier chamber sutures; one secondary aperture may be present in the penultimate chamber. Size: Dimensions for population range from 0.25 to 0.50 mm.
Discussion / Comments:
Pearson et al. (2006):
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES.- The distinctly depressed sutures, medium low spire and mainly subcircular apertures with rims characterize G. tropicalis. Globigerinatheka tropicalis has frequently been confused with G. index. According to Blow and Banner (1962), G. tropicalis differs from G. index in lacking the very thick wall, deeply incised sutures, and heavily granular surface characteristic of G. index. In addition, G. tropicalis exhibits a less compact outline, smaller and less subcircular primary aperture without a thick lip, and more numerous smaller secondary apertures than G. index. Bolli (1 972) agreed with Blow and Banner (1962) in including some of his specimens identified as G. index in G. tropicalis. Meanwhile, it is hard to separate Globigerinatheka lindiensis from G. tropicalis, except for the presence of bullae in the former, and in agreement with Bolli (1972), we consider G. lindiensis a junior synonym of G. tropicalis. Blow (1979) considered G. tropicalis as junior synonym of G. mexicana mexicana (p. 825), but in our opinion, these two taxa are not conspecific. Globigerinutheka tropicalis differs from G. semiinvoluta by its less compact test, less embracing final chamber, distinct sutures and mainly high arched apertures. DISCUSSION.- The specimens illustrated by Subbotina (1953) as G. conglobatus (pl. 14, figs. 2a-5b) are attributable to (or fall within the variability of3 G. tropicalis as suggested by Blow and Banner (1962) and followed by Bolli (1972). Even though some of Subbotina's specirnelis exhibit a subrectangular outline similar to G. index, they do not possess the high semicircular aperture or the incised sutures typical of the latter species. The specimen illustrated by Subbotina (1953, pl. 13, figs. 19a,b) as G. rubrijormis, which has a very low spire and high-arched primary and supplementary apertures, is here considered very similar, if not identical, to G. tropicalis. The specimen illustrated by Jenkins (1971, pl. 21, figs. 633-634) as G. (G.) semiinvoluta appears very similar to G. tropicalis with its low-arched, non-subcircular primary and supplementary apertures and more sub-rectangular test shape. The specimen illustrated by Krasheninnikov and Basov (1983) as Globigerapsis index (pl. 7, fig. 1) due to its outline, appears closer to G. tropicalis, while the specimen of G. aff. tropicalis illustrated by the same authors seems to have a long inner spire, so it is doubtfully attributed to Blow and Banner's species G. tropicalis. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS.- Globigerinatheka tropicalis evolved from G. index. STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE.- The appearance of G. tropicalis is poorly constrained; it occurs in the upper middle Eocene (upper Zone E 13) and is common in Zone E14. It has been suggested that G. tropicalis is the last globigerinathekid to disappear (see Bolli, 1972). At middle latitudes Nocchi and others (1988) showed that the extinction of G. tropicalis occurs in the latest Eocene at the same level as the extinction of hantkeninids (= Eocene/Oligocene boundary), postdating the disappearance of G. index and Turborotalia cunialensis. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.- Jenkins (1 97 1) considered G. tropicalis to be the tropical equivalent of G. index, a taxon that, according to Blow (1969), is largely restricted to cooler water habitat. Bolli (1972) extended the distribution of G. tropicalis to mid latitudes. STABLE ISOTOPE PALEOB1OLOGY.- No data available.
Systematics:

35
 Ordo Foraminiferida
  Superfamilia Globigerinaceae
   Familia Globigerinidae
    Genus Globigerinatheka
     Species Globigerinatheka tropicalis
Synonym list:
Pearson et al. (2006):
1937 Globigerinoides conglobatus Brady. - Glaessner : pl. 1; fig. 3 [upper Eocene, Caucasus]
1953 Globigerinoides conglobatus Brady. - Subbotina : p.91 pl. 14, fig. 2a-b [upper Eocene Globigerinoides conglobatus Subzone, Soukhaya-Tsetse River, Caucasus]; figs. 3a-b [upper Eocene Globigerinoides conglobatus Subzone, Kuban River, Caucasus]; figs. 4a-b [upper Eocene, Lagenid zone, Krasnoarmeisk, Stalingrad region]; figs. 5a-c [upper Eocene Globigerinoides conglobatus Zone, Ustyurt, Tuzbair Lake, USSR]
1953 Globigerinoides rubriformis Subbotina. - Subbotina : pl. 13; fig. 19a, b [upper Eocene Globigerinoides conglobatus Subzone, Soukhaya-Tsetse River, Caucasus]; [Not Subbotina, 1953]
1956 Globigerinoides index Finlay. - Hagn : p.172 pl. 16; fig. 6-8 [upper Eocene, locality not specified, probably from Varignano, Garda Lake, northern Italy]; [Not Finlay, 1939]
1958 Globigerinoides conglobatus Brady. - Shutskaya : pl. 2; fig. 3, 4 [upper Eocene, Nal'chik region, Caucasus]; [Not Brady, 1879]
1962 Globigerapsis tropicalis Blow & Banner. - Blow & Banner : p. 124-125 pl. 15; fig. D-F (holotype) [upper Eocene G. semiinvoluta Zone, Lindi area, Tanzania]
1962 Globigerinatheka lindiensis Blow & Banner. - Blow & Banner : p.125 pl. 15, fig. O, P; fig. 11 (vi-viii) [upper Eocene Globigerapsis semiinvoluta Zone, Lindi area, Tanzania]
1963 Globigerapsis tropicalis Blow & Banner. - Eckert : p.1063 pl. 7; fig. 5a-c [waengen 9, Schlierenflysch, Pilatus, Switzerland]
1968 Globigerapsis index Finlay. - Samuel & Salaj : pl. 21; fig. 2a-c [upper Eocene Globigerapsis index Zone, Kravany, Carpathians, Slovakia]
non 1969 Globigerapsis tropicalis Blow & Banner. - Blow : pl. 27; fig. 5-6 [middle Eocene Zone P13, Kilwa area, Tanzania]; (= G. mexicana)
1970 Globigerapsis tropicalis Blow & Banner. - Baumann : pl. 3; fig. 6a-c [upper Eocene Globigerapsis mexicana Zone, Scalette Section, Umbria, central Italy]
1970 Globigerapsis tropicalis Blow & Banner. - Samanta : pl. 2; fig. 18 [middle Eocene Orbulinoides beckmanni Zone, Lakhpat, Cutch, India].
1970 Globigerapsis mexicana Cushman. - Baumann : pl. 3; fig. 4a-c [upper Eocene Globigerapsis mexicana Zone, Scalette Section, Umbria, central Italy]; [Not Cushman, 1925]
p 1971 Globigerapsis tropicalis Blow & Banner. - Toumarkine : pl. 3; fig. 6 [middle Eocene Truncorotaloides rohri Zone, Halimba borehole, Bakony, Hungary]; (not figs. 5 and 7)
1971 Globigerinatheka (Globigerapsis) semiinvoluta Kejizer. - Jenkins : p.188 pl. 21; fig. 633-634 [upper Eocene, upper type Runangan, Port Elisabeth Section, New Zealand]; [Not Kejizer, 1945]
p 1972 Globigerinatheka index tropicalis Blow & Banner. - Bolli : p.127 text-fig. 58-59 (holotype), text-fig. 60 (paratype); pl. 3 (partim), fig. 19-20, ?fig. 1-13, 16-18 [upper Eocene Globigerinatheka semiinvoluta Zone, Navet Fm., Trinidad]; figs. 21-23 [upper Eocene Globorotalia cerroazulensis cocoaensis Zone (see Toumarkine and Bolli. 1970), Possagno Section, northern Italy]; fig. 24 [upper Eocene Globigerinatheka semiinvoluta Zone, Possagno Section, northern Italy] (not fig. 14-15 = G. barri)
1974 Globigerinatheka index tropicalis Blow & Banner. - Fleisher : pl. 8; fig. 7 [middle Eocene Zone P14, DSDP Site 219, Arabian Sea]
1975 Globigerinatheka index Finlay. - Toumarkine : pl. 4; fig. 9, 10 [upper Eocene Globigerinatheka ,semiinvoluta Zone, DSDP Site 305, Shatsky Rise, north- west Pacific Ocean]
1975 Globigerinatheka index tropicalis Blow & Banner. - Toumarkine : pl. 4; fig. 9, ?fig. 10 [upper Eocene Globigerinatheka semiinvoluta Zone, DSDP Site 305, Shatsky Rise, northwest Pacific Ocean]
1975 Globigerinatheka tropicalis Blow & Banner. - Stainforth et al. : fig. 94.1, 3, ?fig. 94.2 (from Bolli, 1972); fig. 94.6a-b (holotype from Blow and Banner, 1962); fig. 94.7a-b (holotype of Globigerinatheka lindiensis, from Blow and Banner, 1962)
1977 Globigerinatheka index Finlay. - Poore & Brabb : p.259 pl. 4; fig. 5-7 [middle Eocene possibly Zone P14, San Lorenro Fm., California]
non 1978 Globigerinatheka index tropicalis Blow & Banner. - Toumarkine : pl. 4; fig. 13, 16 (= G. korotkovi)
1983 Globigerapsis index Finlay. - Krasheninnikov & Basov : pl. 7; fig. 1 [upper Eocene, DSDP Site 512, Maurice Ewing Bank, South Atlantic Ocean]; [not Finlay, 1939]
1983 Globigerinatheka index Finlay. - Toumarkine : pl. 19, fig. 14, 15 [from Bolli, 1972]; fig. 16-17 [upper Eocene G. semiinvoluta Zone, DSDP Site 363, South Atlantic Ocean]
1983 Globigerinatheka tropicalis Blow & Banner. - Pujol : pl. 8; fig. 7, ?fig. 8 [upper Eocene Zone P15-16, DSDP Hole 516F, Rio Grande Rise, South Atlantic Ocean]
? 1983 Globigerapsis aff. tropicalis Blow & Banner. - Krasheninnikov & Basov : pl. 7; fig. 6 [upper Eocene, DSDP Site 5 1 1, Falkland Plateau, South Atlantic Ocean]
1986 Globigerinatheka tropicalis Blow & Banner. - Molina et al. : pl. 2; fig. 3 [upper Eocene Zone P16, Umbria, central Italy]
1988 Globigerinatheka tropicalis Blow & Banner. - Nocchi et al. : pl. VI; fig. 9, 13a, b [upper Eocene Zone P 16, Umbria, central Italy]
1991 Globigerinatheka cf. semiinvoluta Keijzer. - Miller et al. : p.35 Appendix I; fig. 1-8 [upper Eocene Zone P15, DSDP Site 612, western North Atlantic Ocean]; [Not Kejizer, 1945]
1992 Globigerinatheka index Finlay. - Berggren : pl. 3; fig. 5-6 [middle Eocene, ODP Hole 748B, Kerguelen Plateau, Indian Ocean]; [Not Finlay, 1939]
1994 Globigerinatheka index index Finlay. - Nishi & Chaproniere : pl. 2; fig. 4-6 [DSDP Hole 841B, south-west Pacific Ocean]; [Not Finlay, 1939]
1994 Globigerinatheka index tropicalis Blow & Banner. - Nishi & Chaproniere : pl. 2; fig. 4-9 [upper Eocene Zones P15-16, DSDP Hole 841 B, southwest Pacific Ocean]
1995 Globigerinatheka index tropicalis Blow & Banner. - Poag & Commeau : pl. 6; fig. 1 [upper Eocene Zone P15, Exmore core, SW Salisbury Embayment, Virginia-Maryland]
2006 Globigerinatheka tropicalis Blow & Banner. - Pearson et al. : p.181 pl. 7.3; fig. 9-16 (Pl. 7.3, Figs. 9-1 1: new SEMs of holotype of Globigerapsis tropicalis Blow and Banner)
Was used in synonym list of:
Globigerinatheka barri Brönnimann 1952
Specimen:
Natural History Museum, London, Inventory number: No. P44554
References:

Glaessner,M.F. (1937):
Planktonische Foraminiferen aus der Kreide und dem Eozän und ihre stratigraphische Bedeutung.
In: Studies in Micropaleontology Vol. 1(1) p. 27-46

Subbotina,N.N. (1953):
Iskopaemye foraminifery SSSR (Globigerinidy, Khantkenininidy i Globorotaliidy) . Trudy Vsesoyznogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Geologo-razvedochnogo Instituta (VNIGRI) Vol. 76 p. 296

Hagn,H. (1956):
Geologische und palaontologische Untersuchungen im Tertiar des Monte Brione und seiner Umgebung (Gardasee, Ober-Italien) . Palaeontographica Abhandlungen A Vol. 107 p. 67-210

Shutskaya,E.K. (1958):
Izmenchivosti nekotorikh nizhnepaleogenovikh plannktonikh foraminifer severnogo Kavkaza [Variations of some lower Paleogene planktonic foraminifers of the northern Caucasus] . Akademy Nauk SSSR Voprosy Mikropaleontologii Vol. 2 p. 84-90

Blow,W.H. and Banner,F.T. (1962):
The Mid-Tertiary (Upper Eocene to Aquitanian) Globigerinaceae.
In: Fundamentals of Mid‑Tertiary Stratigraphical Correlation Eds: Eames, F.E.Banner, F.T.Blow, W.H.Clarke, W.J. p. 61‑151

Eckert,H.R.. (1963):
Die obereeozaen Globigerinen-Schiefer (Stadund Schimbergerschiefer) zwischen Pilatus und Schrattenfluh . Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae Vol. 56 p. 1001-1072

Samuel,O.. and Salaj,J. (1968):
Microbiostratigraphy and Foraminifera of the Slovak Carpathian Paleogene . Geologicky Ustav Dionyza Stura, Bratislava p. 232

Blow,W.H. (1969):
Late middle Eocene to Recent planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy.
In: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Planktonic Microfossils, Geneva 1967 Vol. 1 Eds: Bronnimann, P.Renz, H.H. p. 199-422

Baumann,P.. (1970):
Mikropalaentologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungen der obereozaenen-oligozaenen Scaglia im zentralen Apennin (Italien) . Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae Vol. 63 p. 1133-1211

Samanta,B.K. (1970):
Middle Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera from Lakhpat, Cutch, Western India . Micropaleontology Vol. 16

Jenkins,D.G. (1971):
New Zealand Cenozoic Planktonic Foraminifera . New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin Vol. 42

Toumarkine,M. (1971):
Etude des Foraminiféres planctoniques de deux sondagcs (H-S49 et PGYT-31) dans 1' Eocéne de la Montagne du Bakony (Transdanubie, Hongric) . Annales Instituti Geologici Publici Hungarici Vol. 54 p. 283-299

Bolli,H.M. (1972):
The Genus Globigerinatheka Brönnimann . Journal of Foraminiferal Research Vol. 2 p. 109-136

Fleisher,R.L. (1974):
Cenozoic planktonic foraminifera and biostratigraphy, Arabian Sea, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 23A.
In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 23 Eds: Whitmarsh, R.B.Weser, O.E.Ross, D.A. p. 1001-1072

Toumarkine,M. (1975):
Middle and Late Eocene planktonic foraminifera from the northwestern Pacific, Leg 32 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project.
In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 32 Eds: Larson, R.L.Moberly, R. p. 735-751

Stainforth,R.M.; Lamb,J.L.; Luterbacher,H.P.; Beard,J.H. and Jeffords,R.M. (1975):
Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal zonation and characteristics of index forms . Paleontological ContributionsArticle 62 p. 425

Poore,R.Z. and Brabb,E.E.. (1977):
Eocene and Oligocene planktonic foraminifera from the Upper Butano Sandstone and type San Lorenzo Formation, Santa Cruz Mountains, California . Journal of Foraminiferal Research Vol. 7 p. 249-272

Toumarkine,M. (1978):
Planktonic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of the Paleogene of Sites 360 to 364 and the Neogene of Sites 362A, 363, and 364 Leg 40.
In: Initial Results of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 40

Toumarkine,M. (1983):
Les Foraminiféres planctoniques de l'Eocène moyen et supérieur des régions tropicales a temperées chaudes. , Thése de Doctorat d'Etat ès Sciences Vol. 6(83-05) p. 219

Krasheninnikov,V.A. and Basov,I.A. (1983):
Cenozoic planktonic foraminifers of the Falkland Plateau and Argentine Basin, Deep Sea Drilling Projejt Leg 71.
In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 71 Eds: Ludwig, W.J.Krasheninninov, V.A. p. 821-845

Pujol,C. (1983):
Cenozoic Planktonic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of the Southwestern Atlantic (Rio Grande Rise): Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 72.
In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Vol. 72 Eds: Barker, P.F.Johnson, D.A. p. 623-673

Molina,E..; Monaco,P..; Nocchi,M. and Parisi,G.. (1986):
Biostratigraphic correlation between the Central Subbetic (Spain) and Umbria-Marchean (Italy) pelagic sequences at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary using Foraminifera.
In: Terminal Eocene Events Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy Vol. 9 Eds: Pomerol, C..Premoli Silva, I. p. 75-85

Nocchi,M.; Parisi,G..; Monaco,P..; Monechi,S.. and Madile,M.. (1988):
Eocene and early Oligocene micropaleontology and paleoenvironments in SE Umbria, Italy . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palacoecology Vol. 67 p. 181-244

Miller,K.G.; Berggren,W.A.; Zhang,J.. and Palmer-Julson,A.A.. (1991):
Biostratigraphy and Isotope Stratigraphy of Upper Eocene microtektites at Site 61 2: How many impacts? . Palaios Vol. 6 p. 17-38

Berggren,W.A. (1992):
Paleogene Planktonic Foraminifera Magnetobiostratigraphy of the Southern Kerguelen Plateau (Sites 747-749).
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 120

Nishi,H.. and Chaproniere,G.C.H. (1994):
Eocene-Oligocene subtropical planktonic foraminifers at Site 841.
In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Vol. 135 Eds: Hawkins, J..Parson, L..Allan, J..others p. 245-266

Poag,C.W.. and Commeau,J.A.. (1995):
Paleocene to middle Miocene planktic foraminifera of the southwestern Salisbury Embayment, Virginia and Maryland: biostratigraphy, allostratigraphy, and sequence stratigraphy . Journal of Foraminiferal Research Vol. 25 p. 134-155

Pearson,P.N.; Olsson,R.K.; Hemleben,C.; Huber,B.T. and Berggren,W.A. (2006):
Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera. p. 1-513
Anonymous: Unedited TaxonConcept data
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